সিরিয়ার সম্প্রদায় ও সভ্যতা – ইতিহাস, স্থান ও ঐতিহ্য

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Damascus, দামেস্ক

Great congregational mosque of Damascus built by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I on the site of a Roman temple and Byzantine cathedral.

706-715 CE (al-Walid I) on the site of the Basilica of St John the Baptist and a Roman temple

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) – Historic fire/earthquake damage 1069-1893; no civil-war damage reported by the source.

Sunni Islam (also venerated by Christians) · shrine (maqam) within mosque · Damascus, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Domed shrine inside the prayer hall of the Umayyad Mosque, traditionally held to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya).

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) (Umayyad Mosque)

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Aleppo, আলেপ্পো

Aleppo's great mosque, founded under the Umayyads; its Seljuk minaret of 1090 collapsed in fighting in April 2013.

early 8th c. (Sulayman, r. 715-717); present fabric mainly 11th-14th c.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo: seriously damaged 13 Oct 2012; minaret (1090) reduced to rubble 24 Apr 2013; restoration from c. 2017; reopened for Ramadan March 2025; reconstruction resumed 30 Nov 2025 – Under reconstruction; minaret destroyed 2013 (perpetrator disputed between sources).

Sunni Islam · shrine within mosque · Aleppo, আলেপ্পো

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb chamber in the maqsura of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, held by tradition to contain remains of Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Status of the host mosque (under reconstruction); shrine-specific condition not documented in the source

Sunni Islam · mosque and mausoleum · Homs, হিমস

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Ottoman-era mosque (1912) in Homs built around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the Companion and general Khalid ibn al-Walid.

mausoleum mosque under Baybars 1265 (restored 1291); present Ottoman building completed 1912

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque: tomb damaged by shelling, heavy damage after July 2013; repaired and reopened with funding from Ramzan Kadyrov (date not given) – Restoration date not stated in source.

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Homs, হিমস

Main mosque of old Homs, built largely under Nur ad-Din on the site of the temple of El-Gabal and a later church of St John.

largely 1146-1174 (Nur ad-Din); site of temple of El-Gabal and Byzantine church of St John

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: active mosque; restoration work 2016

Sunni Islam · mosque · Daraa al-Balad, দারআ

Early mosque of Daraa al-Balad, focal point of the 2011 protests, traditionally dated to the conquest period.

founded 636 CE (attributed to Caliph Umar)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Daraa): 'bombarded during the Syrian civil war'; listed active after renovation – Source gives no date for the bombardment; renovation reported. Minaret destruction (2013) is widely reported but was not confirmed in the consulted source.

Sunni Islam · mosque · Bosra, দারআ

One of the oldest surviving mosques in Syria, within the UNESCO-listed Ancient City of Bosra.

Umayyad, completed 721 CE (Yazid II) per source; Ayyubid renovations 12th-13th c.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Bosra): lightly damaged 2012-2014, shell hole in roof 2014; List of mosques in Syria: 'substantially destroyed c. 2012' – Sources conflict on extent (light damage vs. substantial destruction); infobox says renovated.

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus (al-Uqayba), দামেস্ক

Ayyubid mosque north of the old city of Damascus, built by al-Ashraf Musa.

1231-1235 (Ayyubid emir al-Ashraf Musa)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus, দামেস্ক

Ottoman mosque with a green-tiled minaret outside Bab al-Jabiya, built for governor Sinan Pasha.

completed 1590 (governor Sinan Pasha)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam (Ottoman; Sufi lodge complex) · mosque and tekke complex · Damascus, দামেস্ক

Ottoman complex by Mimar Sinan for Sultan Suleiman, with mosque, hospice (tekke) and madrasa on the Barada; the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI is buried in its cemetery.

mosque 1554/55-1558/59 (design Mimar Sinan, for Suleiman I); madrasa 1566-67

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

Sunni Islam (Sufi saint shrine) · mosque and shrine · Jableh, লাতাকিয়া

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Mosque in Jableh around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the 8th-century Sufi ascetic Ibrahim ibn Adham.

shrine Seljuk; mosque Mamluk; domes Ottoman (infobox c. 785 CE)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Damascus (beside the Umayyad Mosque), দামেস্ক

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Ayyubid mausoleum next to the Umayyad Mosque holding Saladin's wooden sarcophagus and a marble cenotaph donated in 1898.

1196; renovated 1898 (marble cenotaph of Abdulhamid II, Wilhelm II)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Sayyida Zaynab, রিফ দিমাশক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Major Twelver Shia pilgrimage shrine south of Damascus, venerated as the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali.

present building 1990/1991

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab_Mosque: bombings near the shrine 2008, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 (casualties, no structural destruction reported) – Security situation changed after Dec 2024; no damage to the shrine building reported in the source.

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Damascus (old city), দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Shia shrine in old Damascus venerated as the tomb of Ruqayya, young daughter of Husayn ibn Ali.

mosque built around mausoleum 1985

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia (active pilgrimage site)

Islam (tradition not specified in source) · mosque and shrine · near Zabadani / Wadi Barada, রিফ দিমাশক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Hilltop mosque above Wadi Barada built in 1599 around a tomb traditionally identified as that of Abel, son of Adam.

1599 (Ottoman wali Ahmad Pasha)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam · cemetery with shrines · Damascus, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Historic cemetery south-west of Bab al-Saghir with mausolea attributed to Companions (Bilal ibn Rabah, Ubayy ibn Ka'b) and women of the Prophet's family.

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb attributed to Bilal ibn Rabah in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb attributed to Umm Kulthum bint Ali in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Tomb of Sukayna bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb attributed to Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (heads of the martyrs of Karbala) in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Shia and Sunni Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb attributed to Asma bint Umays in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb attributed to Ubayy ibn Ka'b in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sunni Islam (Umayyad caliph) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Burial attributed to Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam (shrine of Companions venerated also by Sunnis) · shrine-mosque · Raqqa, রাক্কা

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Modern shrine complex in Raqqa over tombs ascribed to Ammar ibn Yasir and Uways al-Qarani, blown up by IS in 2014.

1988-2003 (Syrian-Iranian project)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque: blown up by Islamic State (26 March or 31 May 2014 - sources differ); 'awaiting reconstruction' as of 2026

Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Aleppo (Jabal Jawshan), আলেপ্পো

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Shia shrine on Jabal Jawshan in Aleppo around a stone said to bear a drop of blood from the head of Husayn.

944 CE (plaque: converted from a monastery)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque: closed 2012-2016 (Battle of Aleppo); reopened 2017

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Adra, রিফ দিমাশক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Shrine in Adra over the tomb ascribed to Hujr ibn Adi, Companion executed in 660; desecrated in 2013 and later rebuilt.

Ayyubid mosque around the tomb; renovated 1205

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujr_ibn_Adi: desecrated by Jabhat al-Nusra 2 May 2013 (exhumation claims debunked); rebuilt and reopened after Dec 2024

Sunni Islam (Shafi'i) · tomb · Nawa, দারআ

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Tomb of the Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar al-Nawawi in his home town Nawa, demolished in January 2015.

13th c. (al-Nawawi d. 1277)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi citing Al Jazeera 8 Jan 2015 (demolished by al-Nusra fighters)

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Deir Sharqi (near Maarat al-Numan), ইদলিব

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Mausoleum at Deir Sharqi near Maarat al-Numan venerated as the tomb of the Umayyad caliph Umar II (d. 720); burned and vandalised in 2020.

অবস্থার সূত্র: STJ 2021: burned c. 24-28 Jan 2020 during government offensive, further vandalism May 2020; renovated by the Syrian Ministry of Awqaf (photos by 8 June 2020)

Islam (tradition not specified) · shrine · al-Ziyara (al-Ghab plain), হামা

অমীমাংসিত স্থানীয় প্রথা

Local shrine in al-Ziyara in the Ghab plain believed to be that of the Companion Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari.

অবস্থার সূত্র: STJ 2021: vandalised, partially destroyed and looted by Turkistan Islamic Party fighters, March 2016

Sunni Islam (Sufi shrine) · mosque and shrine in Roman tower tomb · Cyrrhus (Nabi Huri), Afrin region, আলেপ্পো

অমীমাংসিত স্থানীয় প্রথা

Ottoman-Mamluk mosque and Sufi shrine at ancient Cyrrhus built against a Roman hexagonal tower tomb.

mosque 1314 (per list); shrine in a Roman hexagonal tower tomb

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: damaged 2018, restored 2020; Bellingcat 2019: ransacking reported March 2018, extent unconfirmed

Sunni Islam (Ottoman/Turkish memorial; Turkish-controlled site) · mausoleum · Ashme (Esme), c. 22 km west of Kobani (since Feb 2015), আলেপ্পো

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Tomb venerated as that of Suleyman Shah, ancestor of the Ottoman dynasty; relocated twice (1973, 2015).

at Qal'at Ja'bar 1236-1973; Qara Qozak 1973-2015; Ashme since 21-22 Feb 2015

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah: remains moved and old mausoleum at Qara Qozak demolished 21-22 Feb 2015; new tomb at Ashme under Turkish military control ('temporary' relocation) – 'restored' = re-erected at a new site; the former Qara Qozak mausoleum was demolished. DB coordinates (36.879, 38.106) appear to be the former Qara Qozak site - verify.

Sunni Islam · mosque-madrasa · Aleppo, আলেপ্পো

Early Ottoman mosque-madrasa complex below the Citadel of Aleppo, destroyed in 2014.

1547 (first Ottoman mosque of Aleppo, attributed to Mimar Sinan)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: entirely destroyed August 2014

Sunni Islam · mosque · Aleppo, আলেপ্পো

Ottoman mosque in Aleppo's old city, almost entirely destroyed in 2015.

1566

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: almost entirely destroyed summer 2015

Sunni Islam · mosque · Aleppo, আলেপ্পো

Mamluk mosque in Aleppo whose minaret was damaged in 2012.

1303

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: minaret damaged 2012

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · মাআররাত আল-নুমান, ইদলিব

Medieval congregational mosque of Maarat al-Numan, partially destroyed in 2016.

12th c. (fabric)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: partially destroyed in 2016

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque (ruin) · Raqqa, রাক্কা

Abbasid congregational mosque of al-Rafiqa (Raqqa), surviving as a partial ruin.

772 (Abbasid)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: partial ruins

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Hama, হামা

Umayyad-period congregational mosque of Hama, destroyed in 1982 and rebuilt by 2001.

8th c.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: destroyed 1982, reconstructed 2001

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus, দামেস্ক

Mamluk mosque in Damascus demolished in 1974 and rebuilt in 2014.

1264 (per list)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: demolished 1974, rebuilt 2014

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Sarmin, ইদলিব

Medieval congregational mosque of Sarmin, significantly damaged in October 2023.

1259

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: significantly damaged October 2023

Sunni Islam (Sufi) · mosque and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Salihiyya, Mount Qasiyun), দামেস্ক

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Mosque at Salihiyya on Mount Qasiyun around the tomb of the Andalusian Sufi master Ibn Arabi (d. 1240).

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi (tomb pictured; condition not described)

Sunni Islam · madrasa and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Amara, near the Umayyad Mosque), দামেস্ক

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Mamluk funerary madrasa of Sultan Baybars in Damascus, later home of the Zahiriyya public library (opened 1880-81).

1277-c.1281

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_Library (portal and mausoleum best-preserved parts; current condition not described)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · monastery and pilgrimage shrine · Saidnaya, রিফ দিমাশক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Greek Orthodox convent and Marian pilgrimage shrine with the Shaghoura icon, traditionally founded by Justinian in 547.

traditionally founded 547 (Justinian I)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya_Monastery: 'damaged during the Syrian civil war' (no date)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · convent and shrine · Maaloula, রিফ দিমাশক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Greek Orthodox convent at the cave shrine venerated as the refuge and tomb of St Thecla in the Aramaic-speaking town of Maaloula.

Melkite Greek Catholic · monastery · Maaloula, রিফ দিমাশক

Byzantine-era Melkite monastery above Maaloula built on the site of a pagan temple.

parts 5th-6th c. (Byzantine), on site of a pagan temple

Syriac Catholic · monastery · near Nabk, রিফ দিমাশক

Desert monastery near Nabk with 11th-12th-century frescoes, revived in 1992 as an ecumenical community.

likely 6th c.; frescoes 1058-1208; community refounded 1992 (Paolo Dall'Oglio, Jacques Mourad)

Syriac Catholic · monastery · al-Qaryatayn, হিমস

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

5th-century monastery holding the relics of Mar Elian, bulldozed by IS in August 2015 and later rebuilt by its community.

5th c.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_St._Elian: destroyed by IS 21 Aug 2015; relics recovered after April 2016; rebuilt incl. crypt and church, relics returned ('since 2022')

Syriac Orthodox · cathedral · Homs (Bustan al-Diwan), হিমস

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Syriac Orthodox cathedral of Homs keeping a relic venerated as the belt of the Virgin Mary; damaged 2012 and restored.

tradition 59 CE; present building 1852

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_al-Zennar_Church: extensive damage 2011-2012; restored, liturgy celebrated again 2014

Catholic (custody not stated in source; DB tradition: Maronite) · underground chapel · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Underground chapel near Bab Sharqi venerated as the house of Ananias, where Saul (Paul) was baptised.

Byzantine church remains 5th-6th c. (excavations 1921)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia (no damage reported; condition not described)

Melkite Greek Catholic · chapel · Damascus (Bab Kisan), দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Chapel built in 1939 into the old Bab Kisan gate, commemorating St Paul's escape from Damascus in a basket.

consecrated 1939

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul (active)

Greek Orthodox (seat of the Patriarchate of Antioch since 1342) · cathedral · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), দামেস্ক

Patriarchal cathedral of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, rebuilt after the 1860 riots.

late 4th c. church; burned 1860, rebuilt c. 1863; renovated 1953

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus (active)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · church · Dweila, দামেস্ক

Greek Orthodox parish church in Dweila, Damascus, struck by a suicide bombing on 22 June 2025.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Elias_Church_attack: suicide bombing during liturgy, pews destroyed, iconostasis collapsed; at least 30 killed

Armenian Apostolic · cathedral · Aleppo (al-Jdayde), আলেপ্পো

Armenian Apostolic cathedral in Aleppo's Jdayde quarter, damaged in 2015 and reconsecrated in 2019.

present building completed 1491

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral: compound partly destroyed 28 Apr 2015; reconstruction completed and reconsecrated 31 Mar 2019

Early Byzantine Christianity (passed to Miaphysites 638) · pilgrimage church complex (ruin) · Mount Simeon, আলেপ্পো

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Monumental cruciform church around the pillar of Simeon Stylites, part of the UNESCO 'Ancient Villages of Northern Syria'; damaged in 2016.

built around Simeon's pillar after 459, completed c. 490

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites: Russian air attack May 2016 damaged pillar and ruins; earlier damage from fighting and stone removal

Early Byzantine Christianity (5th c.) · basilica (ruin) · Qalb Loze (Jabal al-Summaq), ইদলিব

Well-preserved 5th-century basilica in a Druze village of Jabal al-Summaq, part of the UNESCO Ancient Villages of Northern Syria.

460s CE

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_Loze: used as livestock stable 2014-2016; debris cleared and floor parts restored 2022

Early Christianity · house church (ruin) · Dura-Europos (Salhiyah), দেইর এয-যর

Earliest identified Christian house church; its baptistery frescoes were removed in the 1930s and are now at Yale University Art Gallery (relocated object, not the site).

house c. 232/233; church c. 240/241; abandoned 256

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church: fate after IS occupation unknown, 'assumed to have been destroyed' – Assumed, not confirmed - treat with caution.

Early Byzantine Christianity · basilica (ruin) · Basufan, আলেপ্পো

Ruined 5th-century basilica dedicated to St Phocas in the Yazidi village of Basufan.

491-492 (inscription)

Armenian Catholic · church · Raqqa, রাক্কা

Armenian Catholic church in Raqqa, torched and used by IS during its occupation of the city.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly: torched by IS, cross removed (date not given); Syriac Press 2024: used as IS court, then 'completely destroyed' – Sources differ on extent.

Armenian Apostolic · memorial church · দেইর আজ-জোর, দেইর এয-যর

Memorial church and ossuary commemorating victims of the Armenian Genocide, blown up in September 2014.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly list: destroyed by IS, September 2014

Eastern Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · monastery · রিফ দিমাশক

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · monastery · হিমস

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · দারআ

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / churches · ইদলিব

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / monasteries · আলেপ্পো

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · basilica (ruin) · রাক্কা

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · basilica (ruin) · রাক্কা

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · church (ruin) · ইদলিব

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / church site · ইদলিব

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আলেপ্পো

Maronite Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আলেপ্পো

Syriac Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আলেপ্পো

Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আলেপ্পো

Armenian Apostolic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আলেপ্পো

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আলেপ্পো

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · দামেস্ক

Assyrian Church of the East (per Wikidata P140 in atlas DB) · church · Tell Nasri (Khabur), আল-হাসাকাহ

Assyrian village church on the Khabur blown up by IS during its 2015 occupation of the Tell Tamr villages.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Syriac Press 2024 ('demolished by ISIS ... Easter morning' 2015); Armenian Assembly list (destroyed by ISIS); Assyrian Policy Institute 2020 (photo after destruction)

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Hormizd (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly (destroyed) + Syriac Press 2024 (destroyed) – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Qabr Shamiya (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly + Syriac Press 2024 (both: destroyed); dedication differs between sources – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Shamiram (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly ('leveled by ISIS; cross still standing') – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Jazirah (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Talaa (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Abu Tina (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Baloaa (Tell Balouet) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · al-Kharita (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Maghada (al-Makhada) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Tal (Taal) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), আল-হাসাকাহ

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Armenian Assembly: 'bombed by ISIS' (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian / Syriac (denomination not verified) · monastery · Tell Wardiyat, আল-হাসাকাহ

Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Tell Wardiyat in the Khabur region; its domes were reported damaged.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Syriac Press 2024: domes damaged – Date of damage not given.

Syriac Christian (denominations not stated in source) · churches · Qamishli countryside, আল-হাসাকাহ

Three village churches near Qamishli reported bombed or damaged during the war.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Syriac Press 2024 reports bombing/damage (single source, undated)

Syriac Orthodox · monastery / patriarchal seat · Maarat Saidnaya, রিফ দিমাশক

Syriac Orthodox monastery at Maarat Saidnaya, seat of the patriarchate (identification per Wikidata label in atlas DB).

Syriac Orthodox (historic centre of Syriac learning) · monastery (ruin/historic) · আলেপ্পো

Historic monastery on the Euphrates, an important centre of Syriac Greek learning in late antiquity (DB record).

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Major tell in the Khabur basin, ancient Nagar, with the Late Chalcolithic Eye Temple and an Akkadian palace of Naram-Sin.

c. 6500 BCE - 224 CE (Proto-Hassuna to Parthian/Roman); Eye Temple (Late Chalcolithic, LC3)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: excavation camp looted after 2011; site changed hands (IS/Kurdish forces, Kurdish control early 2015)

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Tell in the upper Khabur, capital of Shamshi-Adad I under the name Shubat-Enlil, with a temple acropolis.

c. 5000 BCE village; city c. 2600 BCE; Akkadian Shekhna; capital of Shamshi-Adad I as Shubat-Enlil (c. 1809-1776 BCE); sacked 1726 BCE

অবস্থার সূত্র: No war-time information in the source

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Hurrian city of Urkesh with a monumental temple terrace and the underground ritual structure (abi).

c. 2500 - c. 1350 BCE (Hurrian city; Mitanni religious site); temple terrace and bent-axis temple; abi (necromantic pit)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: excavations suspended since 2011; site protected by local workers, conservation continues

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Type site of the Neolithic Halaf culture and later the Aramaean capital Guzana with the hilani palace of Kapara.

Halaf culture c. 6100-5400 BCE; Aramaean Guzana (Bit Bahiani) from 10th c. BCE; Assyrian province from 808 BCE; Assyrian-style cult room in lower town

অবস্থার সূত্র: No civil-war information in the source

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Tell near Ras al-Ayn, Assyrian Sikani, find-spot of the bilingual Akkadian-Aramaic inscription of Hadad-yith'i.

Neolithic; Middle Assyrian Dunnu (13th c. BCE); Neo-Assyrian Sikani; Roman-Byzantine; find-spot of the Akkadian-Aramaic bilingual inscription (Hadad-yith'i); proposed but unconfirmed Washukanni

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: 'in ruins'; no war-time information

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আল-হাসাকাহ

Early Bronze Age city of Nabada in the Kingdom of Nagar, with five temples in its centre.

c. 2900-2100 BCE (Early Dynastic-Akkadian), later Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic; five temples A-E (mid-3rd millennium)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: 'in ruins', encroaching domestic construction

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · আলেপ্পো

Euphrates tell, capital of Bit Adini and later the Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser, with stelae attesting the storm-god cult.

Neolithic; Early Bronze III-IV city and hypogeum; Luwian Masuwari; Aramaean Bit Adini capital; Neo-Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser from 856 BCE; Luwian stele of Tarhunzas (c. 900 BCE)

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: in ruins; no war-time information

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · church · আল-হাসাকাহ

Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আল-হাসাকাহ

Assyrian Church of the East (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আল-হাসাকাহ

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আল-হাসাকাহ

Chaldean Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আল-হাসাকাহ

Catholicism (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · আল-হাসাকাহ

Syriac Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · আল-হাসাকাহ

Judaism (ancient) · synagogue (archaeological site) · দুরা-ইউরোপোস, দেইর এয-যর

Site of the 3rd-century synagogue of Dura-Europos; the remaining walls on site appear to have been destroyed during IS occupation.

final phase 244 CE (Aramaic inscription); discovered 1932

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue: remaining structure 'appears to have been destroyed, possibly in 2014' during IS occupation – 'appears' - not fully confirmed.

Judaism (ancient) · relocated object (museum installation) · Damascus, National Museum, দামেস্ক

The synagogue's figurative wall paintings, reassembled in their original arrangement inside the National Museum of Damascus.

244 CE

Judaism (Mizrahi/Musta'arabi) · synagogue · Aleppo (Bahsita), আলেপ্পো

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Ancient synagogue of Aleppo where the Aleppo Codex was kept for over 500 years; inactive and under restoration.

possibly 5th c.; oldest inscription 834 CE

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo: burned 1947; rebuilt 1990-1992; damaged 2011-2015 and by 2023 earthquake; restoration ongoing

Judaism · synagogue · Jobar, দামেস্ক

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Ancient synagogue at Jobar associated by tradition with the prophet Elijah; largely demolished in 2014, restoration planned.

at least medieval (plaque claim of 720 BCE incorrect)

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue: mortar damage 2013; most of the structure demolished May 2014 (cause disputed); restoration project with private funds

Judaism · historic quarter · Damascus old city, দামেস্ক

South-eastern quarter of old Damascus, historic home of the Jewish community with the Menarsha, Racqy and Elfrange synagogues.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: largely abandoned; Menarsha and Racqy synagogues standing unused; Elfrange renovated 2019

Judaism (Sephardi) · synagogue · Damascus old city, দামেস্ক

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, renovated in 2019 and the only one still used for services.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: renovated 2019; only Damascus synagogue still holding services

Judaism · synagogue · Damascus old city, দামেস্ক

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, site of a deadly grenade attack in 1949; standing, unused.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: standing but unused

Judaism · synagogue · Damascus old city, দামেস্ক

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus; standing, unused.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: standing but unused

Judaism · cemetery · Damascus (south of the old city wall), দামেস্ক

Historic Jewish cemetery south of the old city of Damascus, largely built over by the airport highway.

অবস্থার সূত্র: Wikipedia: built over by the airport highway; BBC 2013 (via Wikipedia) reports demolition of the largest Jewish cemetery – Extent of surviving parts unknown.

Judaism (shared with Christians and Muslims) · pilgrimage site · Aleppo (outside the northern gate), আলেপ্পো

অমীমাংসিত স্থানীয় প্রথা

Historic pilgrimage site outside Aleppo's northern gate shared by Jews, Christians and Muslims.

Ismaili (venerated by Dawoodi Bohra pilgrims; mosque used by Sunnis) · mosque and shrine · Salamiyah, হামা

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Mosque rebuilt by the Dawoodi Bohra in 1991 beside the grave venerated as that of Imam Isma'il, eponym of the Ismailis.

mosque built 1991 by Dawoodi Bohra next to the grave; site tradition: Greek temple of Zeus > Byzantine church > mosque

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, হামা

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Fatimid-era mausoleum for an Alid descendant, rebuilt in 1088 according to its inscription.

built after 1009 by Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah; rebuilt (inscription 1088)

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, হামা

প্রথা অনুযায়ী আরোপিত

Blessed grave in Salamiyah associated with the early Ismaili imam Ahmad al-Wafi.

Ismaili (Nizari) - historic · castle (religious-political seat) · Masyaf, হামা

Castle that served as the seat of the Syrian Nizari Ismaili state under Rashid ad-Din Sinan.

Nizari from 1141; Rashid ad-Din Sinan 1166-1193; Baybars 1270

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf_Castle: Aga Khan Trust for Culture restoration from 2000 (current condition not described)

Druze · maqam / religious centre · As-Suwayda, আস-সুওয়াইদা · মানচিত্রে অবস্থান নেই (সুরক্ষার জন্য)

Shrine and seat described as the headquarters of the Druze community in Syria.

Alawite · shrine / tomb · Aleppo (Maysaloun district), আলেপ্পো · মানচিত্রে অবস্থান নেই (সুরক্ষার জন্য)

ঐতিহাসিকভাবে নথিভুক্ত

Tomb shrine of the 10th-century Alawite theologian al-Husayn ibn Hamdan al-Khasibi in Aleppo; set on fire in December 2024.

অবস্থার সূত্র: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites: attacked and set on fire (video resurfaced c. 25 Dec 2024; authorities say attack in early Dec 2024); five killed