ชุมชนและอารยธรรมของซีเรีย – ประวัติศาสตร์ สถานที่ และมรดก

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

Great congregational mosque of Damascus built by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I on the site of a Roman temple and Byzantine cathedral.

706-715 CE (al-Walid I) on the site of the Basilica of St John the Baptist and a Roman temple

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) – Historic fire/earthquake damage 1069-1893; no civil-war damage reported by the source.

Sunni Islam (also venerated by Christians) · shrine (maqam) within mosque · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Domed shrine inside the prayer hall of the Umayyad Mosque, traditionally held to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya).

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) (Umayyad Mosque)

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Aleppo, อะเลปโป

Aleppo's great mosque, founded under the Umayyads; its Seljuk minaret of 1090 collapsed in fighting in April 2013.

early 8th c. (Sulayman, r. 715-717); present fabric mainly 11th-14th c.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo: seriously damaged 13 Oct 2012; minaret (1090) reduced to rubble 24 Apr 2013; restoration from c. 2017; reopened for Ramadan March 2025; reconstruction resumed 30 Nov 2025 – Under reconstruction; minaret destroyed 2013 (perpetrator disputed between sources).

Sunni Islam · shrine within mosque · Aleppo, อะเลปโป

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb chamber in the maqsura of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, held by tradition to contain remains of Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Status of the host mosque (under reconstruction); shrine-specific condition not documented in the source

Sunni Islam · mosque and mausoleum · Homs, ฮอมส์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Ottoman-era mosque (1912) in Homs built around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the Companion and general Khalid ibn al-Walid.

mausoleum mosque under Baybars 1265 (restored 1291); present Ottoman building completed 1912

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque: tomb damaged by shelling, heavy damage after July 2013; repaired and reopened with funding from Ramzan Kadyrov (date not given) – Restoration date not stated in source.

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Homs, ฮอมส์

Main mosque of old Homs, built largely under Nur ad-Din on the site of the temple of El-Gabal and a later church of St John.

largely 1146-1174 (Nur ad-Din); site of temple of El-Gabal and Byzantine church of St John

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: active mosque; restoration work 2016

Sunni Islam · mosque · Daraa al-Balad, ดัรอา

Early mosque of Daraa al-Balad, focal point of the 2011 protests, traditionally dated to the conquest period.

founded 636 CE (attributed to Caliph Umar)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Daraa): 'bombarded during the Syrian civil war'; listed active after renovation – Source gives no date for the bombardment; renovation reported. Minaret destruction (2013) is widely reported but was not confirmed in the consulted source.

Sunni Islam · mosque · Bosra, ดัรอา

One of the oldest surviving mosques in Syria, within the UNESCO-listed Ancient City of Bosra.

Umayyad, completed 721 CE (Yazid II) per source; Ayyubid renovations 12th-13th c.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Bosra): lightly damaged 2012-2014, shell hole in roof 2014; List of mosques in Syria: 'substantially destroyed c. 2012' – Sources conflict on extent (light damage vs. substantial destruction); infobox says renovated.

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus (al-Uqayba), ดามัสกัส

Ayyubid mosque north of the old city of Damascus, built by al-Ashraf Musa.

1231-1235 (Ayyubid emir al-Ashraf Musa)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

Ottoman mosque with a green-tiled minaret outside Bab al-Jabiya, built for governor Sinan Pasha.

completed 1590 (governor Sinan Pasha)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam (Ottoman; Sufi lodge complex) · mosque and tekke complex · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

Ottoman complex by Mimar Sinan for Sultan Suleiman, with mosque, hospice (tekke) and madrasa on the Barada; the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI is buried in its cemetery.

mosque 1554/55-1558/59 (design Mimar Sinan, for Suleiman I); madrasa 1566-67

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

Sunni Islam (Sufi saint shrine) · mosque and shrine · Jableh, อัลลาษิกียะฮ์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Mosque in Jableh around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the 8th-century Sufi ascetic Ibrahim ibn Adham.

shrine Seljuk; mosque Mamluk; domes Ottoman (infobox c. 785 CE)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Damascus (beside the Umayyad Mosque), ดามัสกัส

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Ayyubid mausoleum next to the Umayyad Mosque holding Saladin's wooden sarcophagus and a marble cenotaph donated in 1898.

1196; renovated 1898 (marble cenotaph of Abdulhamid II, Wilhelm II)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Sayyida Zaynab, รีฟดิมัชก์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Major Twelver Shia pilgrimage shrine south of Damascus, venerated as the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali.

present building 1990/1991

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab_Mosque: bombings near the shrine 2008, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 (casualties, no structural destruction reported) – Security situation changed after Dec 2024; no damage to the shrine building reported in the source.

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Damascus (old city), ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Shia shrine in old Damascus venerated as the tomb of Ruqayya, young daughter of Husayn ibn Ali.

mosque built around mausoleum 1985

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia (active pilgrimage site)

Islam (tradition not specified in source) · mosque and shrine · near Zabadani / Wadi Barada, รีฟดิมัชก์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Hilltop mosque above Wadi Barada built in 1599 around a tomb traditionally identified as that of Abel, son of Adam.

1599 (Ottoman wali Ahmad Pasha)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam · cemetery with shrines · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Historic cemetery south-west of Bab al-Saghir with mausolea attributed to Companions (Bilal ibn Rabah, Ubayy ibn Ka'b) and women of the Prophet's family.

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb attributed to Bilal ibn Rabah in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb attributed to Umm Kulthum bint Ali in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Tomb of Sukayna bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb attributed to Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (heads of the martyrs of Karbala) in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Shia and Sunni Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb attributed to Asma bint Umays in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb attributed to Ubayy ibn Ka'b in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sunni Islam (Umayyad caliph) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Burial attributed to Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Twelver Shia Islam (shrine of Companions venerated also by Sunnis) · shrine-mosque · Raqqa, อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Modern shrine complex in Raqqa over tombs ascribed to Ammar ibn Yasir and Uways al-Qarani, blown up by IS in 2014.

1988-2003 (Syrian-Iranian project)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque: blown up by Islamic State (26 March or 31 May 2014 - sources differ); 'awaiting reconstruction' as of 2026

Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Aleppo (Jabal Jawshan), อะเลปโป

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Shia shrine on Jabal Jawshan in Aleppo around a stone said to bear a drop of blood from the head of Husayn.

944 CE (plaque: converted from a monastery)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque: closed 2012-2016 (Battle of Aleppo); reopened 2017

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Adra, รีฟดิมัชก์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Shrine in Adra over the tomb ascribed to Hujr ibn Adi, Companion executed in 660; desecrated in 2013 and later rebuilt.

Ayyubid mosque around the tomb; renovated 1205

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujr_ibn_Adi: desecrated by Jabhat al-Nusra 2 May 2013 (exhumation claims debunked); rebuilt and reopened after Dec 2024

Sunni Islam (Shafi'i) · tomb · Nawa, ดัรอา

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Tomb of the Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar al-Nawawi in his home town Nawa, demolished in January 2015.

13th c. (al-Nawawi d. 1277)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi citing Al Jazeera 8 Jan 2015 (demolished by al-Nusra fighters)

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Deir Sharqi (near Maarat al-Numan), อิดลิบ

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Mausoleum at Deir Sharqi near Maarat al-Numan venerated as the tomb of the Umayyad caliph Umar II (d. 720); burned and vandalised in 2020.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: STJ 2021: burned c. 24-28 Jan 2020 during government offensive, further vandalism May 2020; renovated by the Syrian Ministry of Awqaf (photos by 8 June 2020)

Islam (tradition not specified) · shrine · al-Ziyara (al-Ghab plain), ฮะมาฮ์

ความเชื่อท้องถิ่นที่ยังไม่มีข้อยุติ

Local shrine in al-Ziyara in the Ghab plain believed to be that of the Companion Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: STJ 2021: vandalised, partially destroyed and looted by Turkistan Islamic Party fighters, March 2016

Sunni Islam (Sufi shrine) · mosque and shrine in Roman tower tomb · Cyrrhus (Nabi Huri), Afrin region, อะเลปโป

ความเชื่อท้องถิ่นที่ยังไม่มีข้อยุติ

Ottoman-Mamluk mosque and Sufi shrine at ancient Cyrrhus built against a Roman hexagonal tower tomb.

mosque 1314 (per list); shrine in a Roman hexagonal tower tomb

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: damaged 2018, restored 2020; Bellingcat 2019: ransacking reported March 2018, extent unconfirmed

Sunni Islam (Ottoman/Turkish memorial; Turkish-controlled site) · mausoleum · Ashme (Esme), c. 22 km west of Kobani (since Feb 2015), อะเลปโป

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Tomb venerated as that of Suleyman Shah, ancestor of the Ottoman dynasty; relocated twice (1973, 2015).

at Qal'at Ja'bar 1236-1973; Qara Qozak 1973-2015; Ashme since 21-22 Feb 2015

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah: remains moved and old mausoleum at Qara Qozak demolished 21-22 Feb 2015; new tomb at Ashme under Turkish military control ('temporary' relocation) – 'restored' = re-erected at a new site; the former Qara Qozak mausoleum was demolished. DB coordinates (36.879, 38.106) appear to be the former Qara Qozak site - verify.

Sunni Islam · mosque-madrasa · Aleppo, อะเลปโป

Early Ottoman mosque-madrasa complex below the Citadel of Aleppo, destroyed in 2014.

1547 (first Ottoman mosque of Aleppo, attributed to Mimar Sinan)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: entirely destroyed August 2014

Sunni Islam · mosque · Aleppo, อะเลปโป

Ottoman mosque in Aleppo's old city, almost entirely destroyed in 2015.

1566

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: almost entirely destroyed summer 2015

Sunni Islam · mosque · Aleppo, อะเลปโป

Mamluk mosque in Aleppo whose minaret was damaged in 2012.

1303

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: minaret damaged 2012

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · มะอัรเราะฮ์อันนุอ์มาน, อิดลิบ

Medieval congregational mosque of Maarat al-Numan, partially destroyed in 2016.

12th c. (fabric)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: partially destroyed in 2016

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque (ruin) · Raqqa, อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์

Abbasid congregational mosque of al-Rafiqa (Raqqa), surviving as a partial ruin.

772 (Abbasid)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: partial ruins

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Hama, ฮะมาฮ์

Umayyad-period congregational mosque of Hama, destroyed in 1982 and rebuilt by 2001.

8th c.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: destroyed 1982, reconstructed 2001

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus, ดามัสกัส

Mamluk mosque in Damascus demolished in 1974 and rebuilt in 2014.

1264 (per list)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: demolished 1974, rebuilt 2014

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Sarmin, อิดลิบ

Medieval congregational mosque of Sarmin, significantly damaged in October 2023.

1259

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: significantly damaged October 2023

Sunni Islam (Sufi) · mosque and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Salihiyya, Mount Qasiyun), ดามัสกัส

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Mosque at Salihiyya on Mount Qasiyun around the tomb of the Andalusian Sufi master Ibn Arabi (d. 1240).

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi (tomb pictured; condition not described)

Sunni Islam · madrasa and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Amara, near the Umayyad Mosque), ดามัสกัส

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Mamluk funerary madrasa of Sultan Baybars in Damascus, later home of the Zahiriyya public library (opened 1880-81).

1277-c.1281

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_Library (portal and mausoleum best-preserved parts; current condition not described)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · monastery and pilgrimage shrine · Saidnaya, รีฟดิมัชก์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Greek Orthodox convent and Marian pilgrimage shrine with the Shaghoura icon, traditionally founded by Justinian in 547.

traditionally founded 547 (Justinian I)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya_Monastery: 'damaged during the Syrian civil war' (no date)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · convent and shrine · Maaloula, รีฟดิมัชก์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Greek Orthodox convent at the cave shrine venerated as the refuge and tomb of St Thecla in the Aramaic-speaking town of Maaloula.

Melkite Greek Catholic · monastery · Maaloula, รีฟดิมัชก์

Byzantine-era Melkite monastery above Maaloula built on the site of a pagan temple.

parts 5th-6th c. (Byzantine), on site of a pagan temple

Syriac Catholic · monastery · near Nabk, รีฟดิมัชก์

Desert monastery near Nabk with 11th-12th-century frescoes, revived in 1992 as an ecumenical community.

likely 6th c.; frescoes 1058-1208; community refounded 1992 (Paolo Dall'Oglio, Jacques Mourad)

Syriac Catholic · monastery · al-Qaryatayn, ฮอมส์

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

5th-century monastery holding the relics of Mar Elian, bulldozed by IS in August 2015 and later rebuilt by its community.

5th c.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_St._Elian: destroyed by IS 21 Aug 2015; relics recovered after April 2016; rebuilt incl. crypt and church, relics returned ('since 2022')

Syriac Orthodox · cathedral · Homs (Bustan al-Diwan), ฮอมส์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Syriac Orthodox cathedral of Homs keeping a relic venerated as the belt of the Virgin Mary; damaged 2012 and restored.

tradition 59 CE; present building 1852

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_al-Zennar_Church: extensive damage 2011-2012; restored, liturgy celebrated again 2014

Catholic (custody not stated in source; DB tradition: Maronite) · underground chapel · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Underground chapel near Bab Sharqi venerated as the house of Ananias, where Saul (Paul) was baptised.

Byzantine church remains 5th-6th c. (excavations 1921)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia (no damage reported; condition not described)

Melkite Greek Catholic · chapel · Damascus (Bab Kisan), ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Chapel built in 1939 into the old Bab Kisan gate, commemorating St Paul's escape from Damascus in a basket.

consecrated 1939

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul (active)

Greek Orthodox (seat of the Patriarchate of Antioch since 1342) · cathedral · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), ดามัสกัส

Patriarchal cathedral of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, rebuilt after the 1860 riots.

late 4th c. church; burned 1860, rebuilt c. 1863; renovated 1953

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus (active)

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · church · Dweila, ดามัสกัส

Greek Orthodox parish church in Dweila, Damascus, struck by a suicide bombing on 22 June 2025.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Elias_Church_attack: suicide bombing during liturgy, pews destroyed, iconostasis collapsed; at least 30 killed

Armenian Apostolic · cathedral · Aleppo (al-Jdayde), อะเลปโป

Armenian Apostolic cathedral in Aleppo's Jdayde quarter, damaged in 2015 and reconsecrated in 2019.

present building completed 1491

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral: compound partly destroyed 28 Apr 2015; reconstruction completed and reconsecrated 31 Mar 2019

Early Byzantine Christianity (passed to Miaphysites 638) · pilgrimage church complex (ruin) · Mount Simeon, อะเลปโป

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Monumental cruciform church around the pillar of Simeon Stylites, part of the UNESCO 'Ancient Villages of Northern Syria'; damaged in 2016.

built around Simeon's pillar after 459, completed c. 490

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites: Russian air attack May 2016 damaged pillar and ruins; earlier damage from fighting and stone removal

Early Byzantine Christianity (5th c.) · basilica (ruin) · Qalb Loze (Jabal al-Summaq), อิดลิบ

Well-preserved 5th-century basilica in a Druze village of Jabal al-Summaq, part of the UNESCO Ancient Villages of Northern Syria.

460s CE

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_Loze: used as livestock stable 2014-2016; debris cleared and floor parts restored 2022

Early Christianity · house church (ruin) · Dura-Europos (Salhiyah), ดัยรุซซูร

Earliest identified Christian house church; its baptistery frescoes were removed in the 1930s and are now at Yale University Art Gallery (relocated object, not the site).

house c. 232/233; church c. 240/241; abandoned 256

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church: fate after IS occupation unknown, 'assumed to have been destroyed' – Assumed, not confirmed - treat with caution.

Early Byzantine Christianity · basilica (ruin) · Basufan, อะเลปโป

Ruined 5th-century basilica dedicated to St Phocas in the Yazidi village of Basufan.

491-492 (inscription)

Armenian Catholic · church · Raqqa, อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์

Armenian Catholic church in Raqqa, torched and used by IS during its occupation of the city.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly: torched by IS, cross removed (date not given); Syriac Press 2024: used as IS court, then 'completely destroyed' – Sources differ on extent.

Armenian Apostolic · memorial church · เดียร์เอซซอร์, ดัยรุซซูร

Memorial church and ossuary commemorating victims of the Armenian Genocide, blown up in September 2014.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly list: destroyed by IS, September 2014

Eastern Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · monastery · รีฟดิมัชก์

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · monastery · ฮอมส์

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · ดัรอา

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / churches · อิดลิบ

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / monasteries · อะเลปโป

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · basilica (ruin) · อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · basilica (ruin) · อัรร็อกเกาะฮ์

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · church (ruin) · อิดลิบ

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · dead city / church site · อิดลิบ

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อะเลปโป

Maronite Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อะเลปโป

Syriac Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อะเลปโป

Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อะเลปโป

Armenian Apostolic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อะเลปโป

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อะเลปโป

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · ดามัสกัส

Assyrian Church of the East (per Wikidata P140 in atlas DB) · church · Tell Nasri (Khabur), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Assyrian village church on the Khabur blown up by IS during its 2015 occupation of the Tell Tamr villages.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Syriac Press 2024 ('demolished by ISIS ... Easter morning' 2015); Armenian Assembly list (destroyed by ISIS); Assyrian Policy Institute 2020 (photo after destruction)

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Hormizd (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly (destroyed) + Syriac Press 2024 (destroyed) – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Qabr Shamiya (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly + Syriac Press 2024 (both: destroyed); dedication differs between sources – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Shamiram (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly ('leveled by ISIS; cross still standing') – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Jazirah (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Talaa (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Abu Tina (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Baloaa (Tell Balouet) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · al-Kharita (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Maghada (al-Makhada) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Tal (Taal) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Armenian Assembly: 'bombed by ISIS' (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Assyrian / Syriac (denomination not verified) · monastery · Tell Wardiyat, อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Tell Wardiyat in the Khabur region; its domes were reported damaged.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Syriac Press 2024: domes damaged – Date of damage not given.

Syriac Christian (denominations not stated in source) · churches · Qamishli countryside, อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Three village churches near Qamishli reported bombed or damaged during the war.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Syriac Press 2024 reports bombing/damage (single source, undated)

Syriac Orthodox · monastery / patriarchal seat · Maarat Saidnaya, รีฟดิมัชก์

Syriac Orthodox monastery at Maarat Saidnaya, seat of the patriarchate (identification per Wikidata label in atlas DB).

Syriac Orthodox (historic centre of Syriac learning) · monastery (ruin/historic) · อะเลปโป

Historic monastery on the Euphrates, an important centre of Syriac Greek learning in late antiquity (DB record).

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Major tell in the Khabur basin, ancient Nagar, with the Late Chalcolithic Eye Temple and an Akkadian palace of Naram-Sin.

c. 6500 BCE - 224 CE (Proto-Hassuna to Parthian/Roman); Eye Temple (Late Chalcolithic, LC3)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: excavation camp looted after 2011; site changed hands (IS/Kurdish forces, Kurdish control early 2015)

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Tell in the upper Khabur, capital of Shamshi-Adad I under the name Shubat-Enlil, with a temple acropolis.

c. 5000 BCE village; city c. 2600 BCE; Akkadian Shekhna; capital of Shamshi-Adad I as Shubat-Enlil (c. 1809-1776 BCE); sacked 1726 BCE

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: No war-time information in the source

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Hurrian city of Urkesh with a monumental temple terrace and the underground ritual structure (abi).

c. 2500 - c. 1350 BCE (Hurrian city; Mitanni religious site); temple terrace and bent-axis temple; abi (necromantic pit)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: excavations suspended since 2011; site protected by local workers, conservation continues

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Type site of the Neolithic Halaf culture and later the Aramaean capital Guzana with the hilani palace of Kapara.

Halaf culture c. 6100-5400 BCE; Aramaean Guzana (Bit Bahiani) from 10th c. BCE; Assyrian province from 808 BCE; Assyrian-style cult room in lower town

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: No civil-war information in the source

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Tell near Ras al-Ayn, Assyrian Sikani, find-spot of the bilingual Akkadian-Aramaic inscription of Hadad-yith'i.

Neolithic; Middle Assyrian Dunnu (13th c. BCE); Neo-Assyrian Sikani; Roman-Byzantine; find-spot of the Akkadian-Aramaic bilingual inscription (Hadad-yith'i); proposed but unconfirmed Washukanni

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: 'in ruins'; no war-time information

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Early Bronze Age city of Nabada in the Kingdom of Nagar, with five temples in its centre.

c. 2900-2100 BCE (Early Dynastic-Akkadian), later Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic; five temples A-E (mid-3rd millennium)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: 'in ruins', encroaching domestic construction

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · อะเลปโป

Euphrates tell, capital of Bit Adini and later the Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser, with stelae attesting the storm-god cult.

Neolithic; Early Bronze III-IV city and hypogeum; Luwian Masuwari; Aramaean Bit Adini capital; Neo-Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser from 856 BCE; Luwian stele of Tarhunzas (c. 900 BCE)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: in ruins; no war-time information

Christian (denomination not recorded in DB/Wikidata) · church · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Assyrian Church of the East (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Chaldean Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Catholicism (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Syriac Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · อัลฮะซะกะฮ์

Judaism (ancient) · synagogue (archaeological site) · ดูรา-ยูโรโพส, ดัยรุซซูร

Site of the 3rd-century synagogue of Dura-Europos; the remaining walls on site appear to have been destroyed during IS occupation.

final phase 244 CE (Aramaic inscription); discovered 1932

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue: remaining structure 'appears to have been destroyed, possibly in 2014' during IS occupation – 'appears' - not fully confirmed.

Judaism (ancient) · relocated object (museum installation) · Damascus, National Museum, ดามัสกัส

The synagogue's figurative wall paintings, reassembled in their original arrangement inside the National Museum of Damascus.

244 CE

Judaism (Mizrahi/Musta'arabi) · synagogue · Aleppo (Bahsita), อะเลปโป

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Ancient synagogue of Aleppo where the Aleppo Codex was kept for over 500 years; inactive and under restoration.

possibly 5th c.; oldest inscription 834 CE

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo: burned 1947; rebuilt 1990-1992; damaged 2011-2015 and by 2023 earthquake; restoration ongoing

Judaism · synagogue · Jobar, ดามัสกัส

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Ancient synagogue at Jobar associated by tradition with the prophet Elijah; largely demolished in 2014, restoration planned.

at least medieval (plaque claim of 720 BCE incorrect)

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue: mortar damage 2013; most of the structure demolished May 2014 (cause disputed); restoration project with private funds

Judaism · historic quarter · Damascus old city, ดามัสกัส

South-eastern quarter of old Damascus, historic home of the Jewish community with the Menarsha, Racqy and Elfrange synagogues.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: largely abandoned; Menarsha and Racqy synagogues standing unused; Elfrange renovated 2019

Judaism (Sephardi) · synagogue · Damascus old city, ดามัสกัส

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, renovated in 2019 and the only one still used for services.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: renovated 2019; only Damascus synagogue still holding services

Judaism · synagogue · Damascus old city, ดามัสกัส

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, site of a deadly grenade attack in 1949; standing, unused.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: standing but unused

Judaism · synagogue · Damascus old city, ดามัสกัส

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus; standing, unused.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: standing but unused

Judaism · cemetery · Damascus (south of the old city wall), ดามัสกัส

Historic Jewish cemetery south of the old city of Damascus, largely built over by the airport highway.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: Wikipedia: built over by the airport highway; BBC 2013 (via Wikipedia) reports demolition of the largest Jewish cemetery – Extent of surviving parts unknown.

Judaism (shared with Christians and Muslims) · pilgrimage site · Aleppo (outside the northern gate), อะเลปโป

ความเชื่อท้องถิ่นที่ยังไม่มีข้อยุติ

Historic pilgrimage site outside Aleppo's northern gate shared by Jews, Christians and Muslims.

Ismaili (venerated by Dawoodi Bohra pilgrims; mosque used by Sunnis) · mosque and shrine · Salamiyah, ฮะมาฮ์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Mosque rebuilt by the Dawoodi Bohra in 1991 beside the grave venerated as that of Imam Isma'il, eponym of the Ismailis.

mosque built 1991 by Dawoodi Bohra next to the grave; site tradition: Greek temple of Zeus > Byzantine church > mosque

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, ฮะมาฮ์

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Fatimid-era mausoleum for an Alid descendant, rebuilt in 1088 according to its inscription.

built after 1009 by Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah; rebuilt (inscription 1088)

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, ฮะมาฮ์

เชื่อตามธรรมเนียมสืบทอด

Blessed grave in Salamiyah associated with the early Ismaili imam Ahmad al-Wafi.

Ismaili (Nizari) - historic · castle (religious-political seat) · Masyaf, ฮะมาฮ์

Castle that served as the seat of the Syrian Nizari Ismaili state under Rashid ad-Din Sinan.

Nizari from 1141; Rashid ad-Din Sinan 1166-1193; Baybars 1270

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf_Castle: Aga Khan Trust for Culture restoration from 2000 (current condition not described)

Druze · maqam / religious centre · As-Suwayda, อัสซุวัยดาอ์ · ไม่มีตำแหน่งบนแผนที่ (เพื่อการคุ้มครอง)

Shrine and seat described as the headquarters of the Druze community in Syria.

Alawite · shrine / tomb · Aleppo (Maysaloun district), อะเลปโป · ไม่มีตำแหน่งบนแผนที่ (เพื่อการคุ้มครอง)

มีบันทึกทางประวัติศาสตร์

Tomb shrine of the 10th-century Alawite theologian al-Husayn ibn Hamdan al-Khasibi in Aleppo; set on fire in December 2024.

แหล่งที่มาของสถานะ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites: attacked and set on fire (video resurfaced c. 25 Dec 2024; authorities say attack in early Dec 2024); five killed