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Komuniti & tamadun

Komuniti dan tamadun Syria – sejarah, tapak dan warisan

Tempat keagamaan setiap komuniti, muzium di kesemua 14 wilayah dan pertempuran yang mengubah Syria – setiap satu dengan status, tarikh dan sumber.

Komuniti dan tamadun 55

Bangsa, bahasa, agama dan tamadun yang membentuk Syria, bersama tempat-tempat yang berkaitan dengannya.

Kategori ini menggambarkan sejarah, bahasa dan kepercayaan – bukan identiti yang saling menafikan. Ramai rakyat Syria tergolong dalam beberapa kategori, dan sesetengah nama merujuk kepada tamadun masa lalu.

Orang Arab

عرب ʿArab

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Penutur bahasa Arab merupakan majoriti besar. Identiti Arab terutamanya berasaskan bahasa dan merangkumi beberapa agama.

1 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Kurd

Kurdi (کورد); bahasa Kurmancî

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Minoriti etnik terbesar di Syria, berpusat di Afrin, Kobani dan Jazira. Kebanyakannya Sunni.

3 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Turkmen (Turkmen Syria)

Türkmen

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Keturunan peneroka Turki Oghuz, tinggal terutamanya di utara, pergunungan Latakia, Homs dan Golan. Ramai kini bertutur dalam bahasa Arab.

3 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Armenia

Հայեր Hayer

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Berpusat di Aleppo dan kebanyakannya keturunan mangsa yang terselamat daripada genosid 1915; komuniti ini mengecil dengan ketara sejak 2011.

15 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Assyria

ܐܬܘܪܝܐ Āthorāyē / ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Sūrāyē

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Terutamanya penganut Kristian berbahasa Neo-Aram di lembah Khabur, pelarian dari Iraq pada tahun 1930-an.

14 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Suryani (Suryoye; juga Aram)

ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Suryoye; sesetengahnya juga ܐܪܡܝܐ Oromoye (orang Aram)

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Penganut Kristian Ortodoks dan Katolik Suryani; sebahagian mengenal pasti diri sebagai Aram, yang lain sebagai Assyria.

13 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Kaldea

ܟܠܕܝܐ Kaldāyē

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Terutamanya anggota Gereja Katolik Kaldea; sebahagian menggunakan nama ini secara etnik. Komuniti kecil tinggal di Aleppo dan Jazira.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Circassia

Адыгэ Adyghe

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Keturunan pelarian Muslim dari Kaukasus. Kebanyakannya dipindahkan dari Golan pada 1967.

4 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Chechen

Нохчий Noxçiy

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Komuniti kecil daripada pendatang Kaukasus abad ke-19, dikaitkan dengan Ras al-Ayn. Jangan dikelirukan dengan pejuang asing selepas 2011.

1 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Palestin di Syria

فلسطينيون Filasṭīniyyūn

Komuniti etnik dan bahasa

Pelarian terutamanya sejak 1948, dibantu oleh UNRWA; kem terbesar ialah Yarmouk.

0 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Badwi

بدو badw (mufrad: badawī)

Komuniti budaya dan sosial

Suku berbahasa Arab yang secara tradisinya menggembala di padang stepa. Kebanyakannya sudah menetap, tetapi ikatan suku kekal penting.

1 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Dom

Dom, Dummi, Deman (bahasa: Domari)

Komuniti budaya dan sosialKomuniti etnik dan bahasa

Kaum terpinggir yang berkait dengan orang Roma dan bertutur dalam bahasa Domari. Nama seperti Nawar dianggap menghina.

0 tapak didokumentasikan

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Muslim Sunni

أهل السنة والجماعة (Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jamāʿa)

Komuniti agama

Majoriti besar, termasuk orang Arab, Kurd dan Circassia.

16 tapak didokumentasikan

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Muslim Syiah Dua Belas Imam

الشيعة الإمامية (al-Shīʿa al-Imāmiyya)

Komuniti agama

Minoriti kecil. Damsyik menempatkan makam-makam utama Sayyidah Zainab dan Ruqayyah.

10 tapak didokumentasikan

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Alawi

العلويون (al-ʿAlawiyyūn); eksonim lama Nusayri (نصيري) kini sering digunakan sebagai kata hinaan

Komuniti agama

Komuniti agama yang menjejaki doktrinnya kepada Ibn Nusayr dan al-Khasibi, dominan di pergunungan pesisir.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Ismaili

الإسماعيلية (al-Ismāʿīliyya)

Komuniti agama

Tertumpu di Salamiyah dan pergunungan pesisir. Kebanyakannya mengikuti Aga Khan.

11 tapak didokumentasikan

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Druze

الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidūn, 'penganut tauhid')

Komuniti agama

Komuniti tertutup yang lahir daripada ajaran Ismaili sekitar 1017. Mereka merupakan majoriti di As-Suwayda.

4 tapak didokumentasikan

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Murshidi (Murshidiyya)

المرشديون (al-Murshidiyyūn)

Komuniti agama

Komuniti yang terbentuk pada tahun 1920-an di sekitar Salman al-Murshid, cabang daripada Alawi yang kemudiannya menjadi bebas.

0 tapak didokumentasikan

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Penganut Kristian Syria

Komuniti agama

Agama Kristian di sini bermula sejak zaman para rasul. Bilangannya merosot dengan ketara sejak 2011.

9 tapak didokumentasikan

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Penganut Kristian Ortodoks Suryani

ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (Suryoye) – terjemahan standard, tidak disahkan dalam sumber yang diambil

Komuniti agama

Gereja Ortodoks Oriental terbesar di Syria, berpusat di Damsyik sejak 1959.

6 tapak didokumentasikan

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Penganut Kristian Apostolik Armenia

Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի (Hay Arakʿelakan Ekeghetsʿi)

Komuniti agama

Gereja Ortodoks Oriental kedua terbesar, terutamanya di Aleppo. IS memusnahkan gereja peringatannya di Deir ez-Zor pada 2014.

6 tapak didokumentasikan

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Katolik Yunani Melkit

Komuniti agama

Berpisah daripada Ortodoks Yunani apabila bersatu dengan Rom pada 1724; kepatriarkannya di Damsyik.

6 tapak didokumentasikan

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Katolik Suryani

Komuniti agama

Gereja Katolik Timur beritus Suryani Barat, dengan tapak warisan seperti Deir Mar Musa.

5 tapak didokumentasikan

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Maronit

Komuniti agama

Komuniti Katolik kecil beritus Suryani, secara sejarah di sekitar Aleppo.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Katolik Kaldea

Komuniti agama

Gereja Katolik Suryani Timur di Syria sejak abad ke-16, dengan eparki Aleppo sejak 1957.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Gereja Assyria Timur

Komuniti agama

Hampir semua orang Assyria berbahasa Sureth di lembah Khabur, keturunan pelarian selepas 1933.

13 tapak didokumentasikan

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Katolik Latin

Komuniti agama

Komuniti kecil di bawah Vikariat Apostolik Aleppo, yang diasaskan pada 1762.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Yazidi

Êzidî

Komuniti agama

Komuniti agama berbahasa Kurmanji yang memuliakan Malak Ta'us, Malaikat Merak, dan Sheikh Adi. Dahulu terutamanya di kampung-kampung Afrin (STJ menyenaraikan 23); kebanyakannya kini tinggal di timur laut.

25 tapak didokumentasikan

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Yahudi Syria

Musta'arabim (Yahudi Mizrahi peribumi) dan Sephardim

Komuniti agama

Orang Yahudi tinggal di Syria sejak zaman purba (saumaah Dura-Europos, 244 M), terutamanya di Damsyik dan Aleppo. Hampir semuanya pergi selepas 1948 dan 1992; hanya segelintir yang tinggal.

12 tapak didokumentasikan

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Mandaean

Komuniti agama

Komuniti agama dari Iraq; ramai melarikan diri ke Syria selepas 2003. Kira-kira 1,000 orang dilaporkan berada di sana pada 2015.

0 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Ebla (Ebla)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Ebla (Tell Mardikh) menguasai utara Syria sekitar 2600–2240 SM; arkibnya menyimpan kira-kira 20,000 tablet kuneiform. Sebuah tamadun bersejarah.

3 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Amori

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Kaum berbahasa Semitik yang dominan sekitar 2000–1600 SM, dengan kerajaan-kerajaan Syria di Mari, Qatna, Aleppo dan Tell Leilan. Sebuah kaum bersejarah.

7 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Akkad (kehadiran di Syria)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Empayar Akkad menguasai timur laut Syria sekitar 2300–2100 SM, di Tell Brak dan Tell Leilan. Sebuah empayar bersejarah.

3 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Hurri dan Mitanni

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Orang Hurri mengasaskan negara kota di hulu Khabur, terutamanya Urkesh; empayar Mitanni kemudiannya berpusat di sana. Kaum-kaum bersejarah.

5 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Phoenicia (Arwad dan Amrit)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Arwad, sebuah pulau di luar Tartus, ialah kuasa laut Phoenicia yang memerintah Amrit di tanah besar, dengan kuil pahatan batu dan makam menaranya. Sebuah tamadun bersejarah.

4 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Aram (kerajaan-kerajaan Aram)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Suku-suku berbahasa Aram mengasaskan kerajaan di seluruh Syria sejak abad ke-11 SM. Assyria menakluki mereka menjelang 720 SM, tetapi bahasa Aram tersebar luas. Penutur bahasa Aram moden dibincangkan di bahagian lain.

7 tapak didokumentasikan

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Parsi Akhemenid (satrapi 'Seberang Sungai')

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Selepas 539 SM, Syria menjadi satrapi Parsi 'Seberang Sungai'. Arwad mengekalkan pemerintahan sendiri sehingga zaman Iskandar. Sebuah empayar bersejarah.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Yunani Helenistik dan Seleucid

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Seleucus I mengasaskan kerajaannya pada 312 SM. Di Syria, kerajaan ini mengasaskan Apamea, Dura-Europos dan Raqqa. Sebuah dinasti bersejarah.

5 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Nabatea

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Kerajaan Nabatea menjangkau Hauran, dengan Bosra sebagai ibu kota utara, dan pernah menguasai Damsyik untuk seketika. Rom menganeksasinya pada 106 M.

3 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Rom (Syria dan Arabia Rom)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Syria menjadi wilayah Rom pada 63 SM; Bosra menjadi ibu kota Arabia selepas 106 M. Rom meninggalkan teater, kuil dan barisan tiang.

8 tapak didokumentasikan

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Orang Palmyra

TDMR / TDMWR (Tadmor)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Palmyra, sebuah bandar oasis, menjadi kaya hasil perdagangan kafilah dan pernah memiliki empayar seketika di bawah Zenobia sebelum Rom meratakannya pada 273.

12 tapak didokumentasikan

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Bizantium (Syria Rom Timur)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Syria zaman akhir antikuiti berada di bawah Bizantium dan sebahagian besarnya Kristian, meninggalkan Kota-Kota Mati dan gereja St Simeon. Penaklukan Arab menamatkannya pada 634–638.

9 tapak didokumentasikan

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Ghassani (Jafni)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Konfederasi Arab Kristian yang bersekutu dengan Bizantium, dengan ibu kotanya di Jabiyah di Golan. Sebuah kaum bersejarah.

2 tapak didokumentasikan

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Ayyubiyah dan Mamluk

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Ayyubiyah pimpinan Salahuddin memerintah sebahagian besar Syria sejak akhir abad ke-12; Mamluk menyusul dari 1260 hingga 1516. Kubu dan madrasah mereka membentuk wajah Damsyik dan Aleppo.

12 tapak didokumentasikan

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Uthmaniyah (Syria Uthmaniyah)

Tamadun dan bangsa bersejarahbersejarah

Uthmaniyah menawan Syria pada 1516 dan menguasainya sehingga Perang Dunia Pertama. UNESCO mencatatkan bahawa sebahagian besar Damsyik lama bertarikh selepas penaklukan itu.

10 tapak didokumentasikan

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Terokai tapak 246

Satu tapak boleh berkaitan dengan beberapa komuniti. Tapis mengikut komuniti, wilayah, zaman atau jenis.

Siapa yang dikebumikan di sini? – tahap kepastian

Bukan setiap tempat ziarah ialah kubur. Setiap tapak dikelaskan mengikut bukti yang disokong oleh sumber; peratusan tidak digunakan.

Pengebumian disahkan dari segi sejarah 8

Pengebumian dinisbahkan oleh tradisi 12

Pengebumian dipertikaikan 16

Tapak warisan, bukan tempat pengebumian (108)

Warisan keagamaan semua komuniti 121 entri

Status hanya dengan sumber bertarikh. Dakwaan daripada satu sumber sahaja kekal “belum disahkan”. Tempat sensitif dinamakan tetapi tidak ditandakan pada peta.

Siapa yang dikebumikan di sini? – sejauh mana kepastiannya

Tiada makam nabi di Syria yang dibuktikan secara arkeologi. Makam suci dilabel mengikut tahap bukti yang disokong oleh sumber.

  • Dibuktikan secara arkeologi 0
  • Didokumenkan dalam sejarah 10
  • Dikaitkan menurut tradisi 28
  • Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan 23

Islam (Sunni, Syiah, Sufi) 43 entri

Masjid Umayyah جامع بني أمية الكبير

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Damascus, Damsyik

Great congregational mosque of Damascus built by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I on the site of a Roman temple and Byzantine cathedral.

706-715 CE (al-Walid I) on the site of the Basilica of St John the Baptist and a Roman temple

Sumber status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) – Historic fire/earthquake damage 1069-1893; no civil-war damage reported by the source.

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Makam Nabi Yahya (Yohanes Pembaptis), Masjid Umayyah مقام النبي يحيى

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (also venerated by Christians) · shrine (maqam) within mosque · Damascus, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Domed shrine inside the prayer hall of the Umayyad Mosque, traditionally held to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya).

Sumber status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) (Umayyad Mosque)

Sumber

Masjid Agung Aleppo (Masjid Umayyah Aleppo) جامع حلب الكبير

Rosak · setakat 2025-11-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Aleppo, Aleppo

Aleppo's great mosque, founded under the Umayyads; its Seljuk minaret of 1090 collapsed in fighting in April 2013.

early 8th c. (Sulayman, r. 715-717); present fabric mainly 11th-14th c.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo: seriously damaged 13 Oct 2012; minaret (1090) reduced to rubble 24 Apr 2013; restoration from c. 2017; reopened for Ramadan March 2025; reconstruction resumed 30 Nov 2025 – Under reconstruction; minaret destroyed 2013 (perpetrator disputed between sources).

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Makam Nabi Zakaria, Masjid Agung Aleppo مقام النبي زكريا

Rosak · setakat 2025-11-30

Sunni Islam · shrine within mosque · Aleppo, Aleppo

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb chamber in the maqsura of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, held by tradition to contain remains of Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.

Sumber status: Status of the host mosque (under reconstruction); shrine-specific condition not documented in the source

Sumber

Masjid Khalid ibn al-Walid جامع خالد بن الوليد

Dipulihkan

Sunni Islam · mosque and mausoleum · Homs, Homs

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Ottoman-era mosque (1912) in Homs built around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the Companion and general Khalid ibn al-Walid.

mausoleum mosque under Baybars 1265 (restored 1291); present Ottoman building completed 1912

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque: tomb damaged by shelling, heavy damage after July 2013; repaired and reopened with funding from Ramzan Kadyrov (date not given) – Restoration date not stated in source.

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Masjid Agung al-Nuri (Homs) جامع النوري

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Homs, Homs

Main mosque of old Homs, built largely under Nur ad-Din on the site of the temple of El-Gabal and a later church of St John.

largely 1146-1174 (Nur ad-Din); site of temple of El-Gabal and Byzantine church of St John

Sumber status: Wikipedia: active mosque; restoration work 2016

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Masjid Al-Omari (Daraa) الجامع العمري

Rosak

Sunni Islam · mosque · Daraa al-Balad, Daraa

Early mosque of Daraa al-Balad, focal point of the 2011 protests, traditionally dated to the conquest period.

founded 636 CE (attributed to Caliph Umar)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Daraa): 'bombarded during the Syrian civil war'; listed active after renovation – Source gives no date for the bombardment; renovation reported. Minaret destruction (2013) is widely reported but was not confirmed in the consulted source.

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Masjid Al-Omari (Bosra) الجامع العمري في بصرى

Rosak · setakat 2014

Sunni Islam · mosque · Bosra, Daraa

One of the oldest surviving mosques in Syria, within the UNESCO-listed Ancient City of Bosra.

Umayyad, completed 721 CE (Yazid II) per source; Ayyubid renovations 12th-13th c.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Bosra): lightly damaged 2012-2014, shell hole in roof 2014; List of mosques in Syria: 'substantially destroyed c. 2012' – Sources conflict on extent (light damage vs. substantial destruction); infobox says renovated.

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Masjid Sinan Pasha (al-Sinaniyya) جامع السنانية

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · mosque · Damascus, Damsyik

Ottoman mosque with a green-tiled minaret outside Bab al-Jabiya, built for governor Sinan Pasha.

completed 1590 (governor Sinan Pasha)

Sumber status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

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Masjid Tekkiye / Takiyya Sulaymaniyya التكية السليمانية

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Ottoman; Sufi lodge complex) · mosque and tekke complex · Damascus, Damsyik

Ottoman complex by Mimar Sinan for Sultan Suleiman, with mosque, hospice (tekke) and madrasa on the Barada; the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI is buried in its cemetery.

mosque 1554/55-1558/59 (design Mimar Sinan, for Suleiman I); madrasa 1566-67

Sumber status: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

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Masjid Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adham مسجد السلطان إبراهيم بن أدهم (سوريا)

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Sufi saint shrine) · mosque and shrine · Jableh, Latakia

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Mosque in Jableh around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the 8th-century Sufi ascetic Ibrahim ibn Adham.

shrine Seljuk; mosque Mamluk; domes Ottoman (infobox c. 785 CE)

Sumber status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

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Makam Salahuddin ضريح صلاح الدين الأيوبي

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Damascus (beside the Umayyad Mosque), Damsyik

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Ayyubid mausoleum next to the Umayyad Mosque holding Saladin's wooden sarcophagus and a marble cenotaph donated in 1898.

1196; renovated 1898 (marble cenotaph of Abdulhamid II, Wilhelm II)

Sumber status: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

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Makam Sayyida Zaynab مقام السيدة زينب في الشام

Masih berdiri · setakat 2024-12

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Sayyida Zaynab, Rif Dimashq

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Major Twelver Shia pilgrimage shrine south of Damascus, venerated as the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali.

present building 1990/1991

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab_Mosque: bombings near the shrine 2008, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 (casualties, no structural destruction reported) – Security situation changed after Dec 2024; no damage to the shrine building reported in the source.

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Makam Sayyida Ruqayya مقام رقية بنت الحسين

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Damascus (old city), Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Shia shrine in old Damascus venerated as the tomb of Ruqayya, young daughter of Husayn ibn Ali.

mosque built around mausoleum 1985

Sumber status: Wikipedia (active pilgrimage site)

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Masjid Nabi Habil (Nabi Habil) مسجد النبي هابيل

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Islam (tradition not specified in source) · mosque and shrine · near Zabadani / Wadi Barada, Rif Dimashq

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Hilltop mosque above Wadi Barada built in 1599 around a tomb traditionally identified as that of Abel, son of Adam.

1599 (Ottoman wali Ahmad Pasha)

Sumber status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

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Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir مقبرة الباب الصغير

Belum disahkan

Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam · cemetery with shrines · Damascus, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Historic cemetery south-west of Bab al-Saghir with mausolea attributed to Companions (Bilal ibn Rabah, Ubayy ibn Ka'b) and women of the Prophet's family.

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Bilal ibn Rabah (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) مقام بلال الحبشي

Belum disahkan

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb attributed to Bilal ibn Rabah in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) مقام أم كلثوم

Belum disahkan

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb attributed to Umm Kulthum bint Ali in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Makam Sukayna bint al-Husayn (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) مقام السيدة سكينة

Belum disahkan

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Tomb of Sukayna bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) مقام فاطمة الصغرى

Belum disahkan

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb attributed to Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (kepala para syuhada Karbala) (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) مقام رؤوس الشهداء

Belum disahkan

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (heads of the martyrs of Karbala) in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Asma bint Umays (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) قبر أسماء بنت عميس

Belum disahkan

Shia and Sunni Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb attributed to Asma bint Umays in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Ubayy ibn Ka'b (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) قبر أبي بن كعب

Belum disahkan

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb attributed to Ubayy ibn Ka'b in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Pengebumian yang dikaitkan dengan Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Tanah Perkuburan Bab al-Saghir) قبر معاوية بن أبي سفيان

Belum disahkan

Sunni Islam (Umayyad caliph) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Burial attributed to Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Sumber

Masjid Uwais al-Qarni / Makam Ammar ibn Yasir dan Uways al-Qarani مسجد أويس القرني

Musnah · setakat 2014

Twelver Shia Islam (shrine of Companions venerated also by Sunnis) · shrine-mosque · Raqqa, Raqqa

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Modern shrine complex in Raqqa over tombs ascribed to Ammar ibn Yasir and Uways al-Qarani, blown up by IS in 2014.

1988-2003 (Syrian-Iranian project)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque: blown up by Islamic State (26 March or 31 May 2014 - sources differ); 'awaiting reconstruction' as of 2026

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Mashhad al-Nuqta (Masjid al-Nuqtah / Mashhad al-Muhsin) مسجد النقطة

Dipulihkan · setakat 2017

Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Aleppo (Jabal Jawshan), Aleppo

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Shia shrine on Jabal Jawshan in Aleppo around a stone said to bear a drop of blood from the head of Husayn.

944 CE (plaque: converted from a monastery)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque: closed 2012-2016 (Battle of Aleppo); reopened 2017

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Makam Hujr ibn Adi مقام حجر بن عدي

Dipulihkan · setakat 2025

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Adra, Rif Dimashq

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Shrine in Adra over the tomb ascribed to Hujr ibn Adi, Companion executed in 660; desecrated in 2013 and later rebuilt.

Ayyubid mosque around the tomb; renovated 1205

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujr_ibn_Adi: desecrated by Jabhat al-Nusra 2 May 2013 (exhumation claims debunked); rebuilt and reopened after Dec 2024

Sumber

Makam Imam al-Nawawi ضريح الإمام النووي

Musnah · setakat 2015-01

Sunni Islam (Shafi'i) · tomb · Nawa, Daraa

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Tomb of the Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar al-Nawawi in his home town Nawa, demolished in January 2015.

13th c. (al-Nawawi d. 1277)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi citing Al Jazeera 8 Jan 2015 (demolished by al-Nusra fighters)

Sumber

Makam Khalifah Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ضريح الخليفة عمر بن عبد العزيز

Dipulihkan · setakat 2020-06-08

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Deir Sharqi (near Maarat al-Numan), Idlib

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Mausoleum at Deir Sharqi near Maarat al-Numan venerated as the tomb of the Umayyad caliph Umar II (d. 720); burned and vandalised in 2020.

Sumber status: STJ 2021: burned c. 24-28 Jan 2020 during government offensive, further vandalism May 2020; renovated by the Syrian Ministry of Awqaf (photos by 8 June 2020)

Sumber

Makam yang dikaitkan dengan Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari مقام جابر بن عبد الله الأنصاري

Rosak · setakat 2016-03

Islam (tradition not specified) · shrine · al-Ziyara (al-Ghab plain), Hama

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Local shrine in al-Ziyara in the Ghab plain believed to be that of the Companion Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari.

Sumber status: STJ 2021: vandalised, partially destroyed and looted by Turkistan Islamic Party fighters, March 2016

Sumber

Masjid dan makam Nabi Huri (Cyrrhus) مسجد النبي هوري

Dipulihkan · setakat 2020

Sunni Islam (Sufi shrine) · mosque and shrine in Roman tower tomb · Cyrrhus (Nabi Huri), Afrin region, Aleppo

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Ottoman-Mamluk mosque and Sufi shrine at ancient Cyrrhus built against a Roman hexagonal tower tomb.

mosque 1314 (per list); shrine in a Roman hexagonal tower tomb

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: damaged 2018, restored 2020; Bellingcat 2019: ransacking reported March 2018, extent unconfirmed

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Makam Suleyman Shah ضريح سليمان شاه

Dipulihkan · setakat 2015-02-22

Sunni Islam (Ottoman/Turkish memorial; Turkish-controlled site) · mausoleum · Ashme (Esme), c. 22 km west of Kobani (since Feb 2015), Aleppo

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Tomb venerated as that of Suleyman Shah, ancestor of the Ottoman dynasty; relocated twice (1973, 2015).

at Qal'at Ja'bar 1236-1973; Qara Qozak 1973-2015; Ashme since 21-22 Feb 2015

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah: remains moved and old mausoleum at Qara Qozak demolished 21-22 Feb 2015; new tomb at Ashme under Turkish military control ('temporary' relocation) – 'restored' = re-erected at a new site; the former Qara Qozak mausoleum was demolished. DB coordinates (36.879, 38.106) appear to be the former Qara Qozak site - verify.

Sumber

Masjid Khusrawiyya (dan madrasah) المدرسة الخسروية

Musnah · setakat 2014-08

Sunni Islam · mosque-madrasa · Aleppo, Aleppo

Early Ottoman mosque-madrasa complex below the Citadel of Aleppo, destroyed in 2014.

1547 (first Ottoman mosque of Aleppo, attributed to Mimar Sinan)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: entirely destroyed August 2014

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Masjid Agung Sarmin

Rosak · setakat 2023-10

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Sarmin, Idlib

Medieval congregational mosque of Sarmin, significantly damaged in October 2023.

1259

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: significantly damaged October 2023

Sumber

Masjid dan makam Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi جامع الشيخ محيي الدين بن عربي

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Sufi) · mosque and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Salihiyya, Mount Qasiyun), Damsyik

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Mosque at Salihiyya on Mount Qasiyun around the tomb of the Andalusian Sufi master Ibn Arabi (d. 1240).

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi (tomb pictured; condition not described)

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Madrasah Al-Zahiriyya (Makam Baybars) المدرسة الظاهرية

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · madrasa and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Amara, near the Umayyad Mosque), Damsyik

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Mamluk funerary madrasa of Sultan Baybars in Damascus, later home of the Zahiriyya public library (opened 1880-81).

1277-c.1281

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_Library (portal and mausoleum best-preserved parts; current condition not described)

Sumber

Kristian 33 entri

Biara Bonda Maria Saidnaya دير سيدة صيدنايا

Rosak

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · monastery and pilgrimage shrine · Saidnaya, Rif Dimashq

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Greek Orthodox convent and Marian pilgrimage shrine with the Shaghoura icon, traditionally founded by Justinian in 547.

traditionally founded 547 (Justinian I)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya_Monastery: 'damaged during the Syrian civil war' (no date)

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Biara Mar Elian, al-Qaryatayn دير مار إليان

Dipulihkan · setakat 2022

Syriac Catholic · monastery · al-Qaryatayn, Homs

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

5th-century monastery holding the relics of Mar Elian, bulldozed by IS in August 2015 and later rebuilt by its community.

5th c.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_St._Elian: destroyed by IS 21 Aug 2015; relics recovered after April 2016; rebuilt incl. crypt and church, relics returned ('since 2022')

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Gereja Santa Maria Tali Pinggang Suci (Umm al-Zunnar), Homs كنيسة أم الزنار

Dipulihkan · setakat 2014

Syriac Orthodox · cathedral · Homs (Bustan al-Diwan), Homs

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Syriac Orthodox cathedral of Homs keeping a relic venerated as the belt of the Virgin Mary; damaged 2012 and restored.

tradition 59 CE; present building 1852

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_al-Zennar_Church: extensive damage 2011-2012; restored, liturgy celebrated again 2014

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Kapel Santo Ananias كنيسة حنانيا

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Catholic (custody not stated in source; DB tradition: Maronite) · underground chapel · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), Damsyik

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Underground chapel near Bab Sharqi venerated as the house of Ananias, where Saul (Paul) was baptised.

Byzantine church remains 5th-6th c. (excavations 1921)

Sumber status: Wikipedia (no damage reported; condition not described)

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Katedral Mariamite Damsyik الكنيسة المريمية

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Greek Orthodox (seat of the Patriarchate of Antioch since 1342) · cathedral · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), Damsyik

Patriarchal cathedral of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, rebuilt after the 1860 riots.

late 4th c. church; burned 1860, rebuilt c. 1863; renovated 1953

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus (active)

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Gereja Mar Elias, Dweila (Damsyik)

Rosak · setakat 2025-06-22

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · church · Dweila, Damsyik

Greek Orthodox parish church in Dweila, Damascus, struck by a suicide bombing on 22 June 2025.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Elias_Church_attack: suicide bombing during liturgy, pews destroyed, iconostasis collapsed; at least 30 killed

Sumber

Katedral Armenia Empat Puluh Syahid, Aleppo (al-Jdayde) كاتدرائية الأربعين شهيدا

Dipulihkan · setakat 2019-03-31

Armenian Apostolic · cathedral · Aleppo (al-Jdayde), Aleppo

Armenian Apostolic cathedral in Aleppo's Jdayde quarter, damaged in 2015 and reconsecrated in 2019.

present building completed 1491

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral: compound partly destroyed 28 Apr 2015; reconstruction completed and reconsecrated 31 Mar 2019

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Gereja Santo Simeon Stylites (Qal'at Sim'an) دير سمعان

Rosak · setakat 2016-05

Early Byzantine Christianity (passed to Miaphysites 638) · pilgrimage church complex (ruin) · Mount Simeon, Aleppo

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Monumental cruciform church around the pillar of Simeon Stylites, part of the UNESCO 'Ancient Villages of Northern Syria'; damaged in 2016.

built around Simeon's pillar after 459, completed c. 490

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites: Russian air attack May 2016 damaged pillar and ruins; earlier damage from fighting and stone removal

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Gereja Qalb Loze قلب لوزة

Dipulihkan · setakat 2022

Early Byzantine Christianity (5th c.) · basilica (ruin) · Qalb Loze (Jabal al-Summaq), Idlib

Well-preserved 5th-century basilica in a Druze village of Jabal al-Summaq, part of the UNESCO Ancient Villages of Northern Syria.

460s CE

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_Loze: used as livestock stable 2014-2016; debris cleared and floor parts restored 2022

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Gereja rumah Dura-Europos (tapak) كنيسة دورا أوروبوس

Musnah · setakat 2014

Early Christianity · house church (ruin) · Dura-Europos (Salhiyah), Deir ez-Zor

Earliest identified Christian house church; its baptistery frescoes were removed in the 1930s and are now at Yale University Art Gallery (relocated object, not the site).

house c. 232/233; church c. 240/241; abandoned 256

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church: fate after IS occupation unknown, 'assumed to have been destroyed' – Assumed, not confirmed - treat with caution.

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Gereja St Phocas, Basufan

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Early Byzantine Christianity · basilica (ruin) · Basufan, Aleppo

Ruined 5th-century basilica dedicated to St Phocas in the Yazidi village of Basufan.

491-492 (inscription)

Sumber

Gereja Katolik Armenia Para Syahid, Raqqa كنيسة الشهداء

Rosak

Armenian Catholic · church · Raqqa, Raqqa

Armenian Catholic church in Raqqa, torched and used by IS during its occupation of the city.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly: torched by IS, cross removed (date not given); Syriac Press 2024: used as IS court, then 'completely destroyed' – Sources differ on extent.

Sumber

Gereja Kewafatan Bonda Maria (al-Jdayde, Aleppo) كنيسة رقاد السيدة العذراء

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Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Aleppo

Sumber

Gereja Armenia Bonda Suci Tuhan (al-Jdayde, Aleppo) كنيسة السيدة العذراء مريم (حلب)

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Armenian Apostolic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Aleppo

Sumber

Katedral Ortodoks Syriak St Ephrem, Aleppo كاتدرائية مار أفرام السرياني

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Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · Aleppo

Sumber

Assyria / Syriak dan tell purba 29 entri

Gereja St Maria (Mart Maryam), Tell Nasri

Musnah · setakat 2015-04

Assyrian Church of the East (per Wikidata P140 in atlas DB) · church · Tell Nasri (Khabur), Al-Hasakah

Assyrian village church on the Khabur blown up by IS during its 2015 occupation of the Tell Tamr villages.

Sumber status: Syriac Press 2024 ('demolished by ISIS ... Easter morning' 2015); Armenian Assembly list (destroyed by ISIS); Assyrian Policy Institute 2020 (photo after destruction)

Sumber

Gereja Mar Rabban Pithyon (Raban Pityou / 'Santo Rabban Theo'), Tell Hormizd

Musnah · setakat 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Hormizd (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly (destroyed) + Syriac Press 2024 (destroyed) – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Sumber

Gereja Qabr Shamiya (St Qoryaqos menurut Armenian Assembly; 'St George' menurut Syriac Press)

Musnah · setakat 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Qabr Shamiya (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly + Syriac Press 2024 (both: destroyed); dedication differs between sources – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Sumber

Gereja St Bishu, Tell Shamiram

Musnah · setakat 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Shamiram (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly ('leveled by ISIS; cross still standing') – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Sumber

Gereja St John, Tell Jazirah

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Jazirah (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Sleewa (Salib Suci), Tell Talaa

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Talaa (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Shimun, Abu Tina

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Abu Tina (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Shimon, Tell Baloaa

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Baloaa (Tell Balouet) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Shimun, Kharita

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · al-Kharita (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Qoryaqos, Tell Maghada

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Maghada (al-Makhada) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja St Odisho, Tell Tal

Belum disahkan

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Tal (Taal) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Sumber status: Armenian Assembly: 'bombed by ISIS' (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Gereja-gereja di kawasan luar bandar Qamishli (Zalin): Mar Melki (Gardouka), Perawan Maria (Tel Jehan), Perawan Maria (Zalin)

Belum disahkan

Syriac Christian (denominations not stated in source) · churches · Qamishli countryside, Al-Hasakah

Three village churches near Qamishli reported bombed or damaged during the war.

Sumber status: Syriac Press 2024 reports bombing/damage (single source, undated)

Sumber

Biara Mor Ephrem orang Syria, Maarat Saidnaya (Patriarkat Ortodoks Syriak) دير مار أفرام السرياني

Belum disahkan

Syriac Orthodox · monastery / patriarchal seat · Maarat Saidnaya, Rif Dimashq

Syriac Orthodox monastery at Maarat Saidnaya, seat of the patriarchate (identification per Wikidata label in atlas DB).

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Biara Qenneshre دير قنسرين

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Syriac Orthodox (historic centre of Syriac learning) · monastery (ruin/historic) · Aleppo

Historic monastery on the Euphrates, an important centre of Syriac Greek learning in late antiquity (DB record).

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Tell Brak (Nagar purba) تل براك

Rosak · setakat 2015

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Major tell in the Khabur basin, ancient Nagar, with the Late Chalcolithic Eye Temple and an Akkadian palace of Naram-Sin.

c. 6500 BCE - 224 CE (Proto-Hassuna to Parthian/Roman); Eye Temple (Late Chalcolithic, LC3)

Sumber status: Wikipedia: excavation camp looted after 2011; site changed hands (IS/Kurdish forces, Kurdish control early 2015)

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Tell Leilan (Shekhna / Shubat-Enlil) تل ليلان

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Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Tell in the upper Khabur, capital of Shamshi-Adad I under the name Shubat-Enlil, with a temple acropolis.

c. 5000 BCE village; city c. 2600 BCE; Akkadian Shekhna; capital of Shamshi-Adad I as Shubat-Enlil (c. 1809-1776 BCE); sacked 1726 BCE

Sumber status: No war-time information in the source

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Tell Mozan (Urkesh) تل موزان

Masih berdiri

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Hurrian city of Urkesh with a monumental temple terrace and the underground ritual structure (abi).

c. 2500 - c. 1350 BCE (Hurrian city; Mitanni religious site); temple terrace and bent-axis temple; abi (necromantic pit)

Sumber status: Wikipedia: excavations suspended since 2011; site protected by local workers, conservation continues

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Tell Halaf (Guzana)

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Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Type site of the Neolithic Halaf culture and later the Aramaean capital Guzana with the hilani palace of Kapara.

Halaf culture c. 6100-5400 BCE; Aramaean Guzana (Bit Bahiani) from 10th c. BCE; Assyrian province from 808 BCE; Assyrian-style cult room in lower town

Sumber status: No civil-war information in the source

Sumber

Tell Fekheriye (Sikani) تل الفخيرية

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Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Tell near Ras al-Ayn, Assyrian Sikani, find-spot of the bilingual Akkadian-Aramaic inscription of Hadad-yith'i.

Neolithic; Middle Assyrian Dunnu (13th c. BCE); Neo-Assyrian Sikani; Roman-Byzantine; find-spot of the Akkadian-Aramaic bilingual inscription (Hadad-yith'i); proposed but unconfirmed Washukanni

Sumber status: Wikipedia: 'in ruins'; no war-time information

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Tell Beydar (Nabada) تل بيدر

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Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Early Bronze Age city of Nabada in the Kingdom of Nagar, with five temples in its centre.

c. 2900-2100 BCE (Early Dynastic-Akkadian), later Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic; five temples A-E (mid-3rd millennium)

Sumber status: Wikipedia: 'in ruins', encroaching domestic construction

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Tell Ahmar (Til Barsip / Masuwari / Kar-Shalmaneser) تل برسيب

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Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Aleppo

Euphrates tell, capital of Bit Adini and later the Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser, with stelae attesting the storm-god cult.

Neolithic; Early Bronze III-IV city and hypogeum; Luwian Masuwari; Aramaean Bit Adini capital; Neo-Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser from 856 BCE; Luwian stele of Tarhunzas (c. 900 BCE)

Sumber status: Wikipedia: in ruins; no war-time information

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Gereja St Joseph, Qamishli كاتدرائية القديس يوسف

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Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Al-Hasakah

Sumber

Katedral Bonda Maria (Gereja Assyria Timur), Hasakah كاتدرائية السيدة العذراء

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Assyrian Church of the East (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · Al-Hasakah

Sumber

Yahudi 10 entri

Saumaah Dura-Europos (tapak arkeologi) كنيس دورا أوروبوس

Musnah · setakat 2014

Judaism (ancient) · synagogue (archaeological site) · Dura-Europos, Deir ez-Zor

Site of the 3rd-century synagogue of Dura-Europos; the remaining walls on site appear to have been destroyed during IS occupation.

final phase 244 CE (Aramaic inscription); discovered 1932

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue: remaining structure 'appears to have been destroyed, possibly in 2014' during IS occupation – 'appears' - not fully confirmed.

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Lukisan dan dewan perhimpunan saumaah Dura-Europos (dibina semula, Muzium Negara Damsyik)

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Judaism (ancient) · relocated object (museum installation) · Damascus, National Museum, Damsyik

The synagogue's figurative wall paintings, reassembled in their original arrangement inside the National Museum of Damascus.

244 CE

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Saumaah Pusat Aleppo كنيس حلب المركزي

Rosak · setakat 2023-02

Judaism (Mizrahi/Musta'arabi) · synagogue · Aleppo (Bahsita), Aleppo

Dikaitkan menurut tradisi

Ancient synagogue of Aleppo where the Aleppo Codex was kept for over 500 years; inactive and under restoration.

possibly 5th c.; oldest inscription 834 CE

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo: burned 1947; rebuilt 1990-1992; damaged 2011-2015 and by 2023 earthquake; restoration ongoing

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Saumaah Jobar (Eliyahu Hanavi) كنيس جوبر

Musnah · setakat 2014-05

Judaism · synagogue · Jobar, Damsyik

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Ancient synagogue at Jobar associated by tradition with the prophet Elijah; largely demolished in 2014, restoration planned.

at least medieval (plaque claim of 720 BCE incorrect)

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue: mortar damage 2013; most of the structure demolished May 2014 (cause disputed); restoration project with private funds

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Kawasan Yahudi Damsyik (Harat al-Yahud) حارة اليهود في دمشق

Masih berdiri · setakat 2020

Judaism · historic quarter · Damascus old city, Damsyik

South-eastern quarter of old Damascus, historic home of the Jewish community with the Menarsha, Racqy and Elfrange synagogues.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: largely abandoned; Menarsha and Racqy synagogues standing unused; Elfrange renovated 2019

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Saumaah Elfrange (al-Faranj) كنيس الفرنج

Dipulihkan · setakat 2019

Judaism (Sephardi) · synagogue · Damascus old city, Damsyik

Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Damascus, renovated in 2019 and the only one still used for services.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: renovated 2019; only Damascus synagogue still holding services

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Tanah perkuburan Yahudi lama Damsyik

Musnah

Judaism · cemetery · Damascus (south of the old city wall), Damsyik

Historic Jewish cemetery south of the old city of Damascus, largely built over by the airport highway.

Sumber status: Wikipedia: built over by the airport highway; BBC 2013 (via Wikipedia) reports demolition of the largest Jewish cemetery – Extent of surviving parts unknown.

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Tempat Suci Nazar (Mashhad al-Du'a), Aleppo

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Judaism (shared with Christians and Muslims) · pilgrimage site · Aleppo (outside the northern gate), Aleppo

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Historic pilgrimage site outside Aleppo's northern gate shared by Jews, Christians and Muslims.

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Ismailiyah 4 entri

Masjid dan makam Imam Isma'il, Salamiyah

Masih berdiri · setakat 2026-10-30

Ismaili (venerated by Dawoodi Bohra pilgrims; mosque used by Sunnis) · mosque and shrine · Salamiyah, Hama

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Mosque rebuilt by the Dawoodi Bohra in 1991 beside the grave venerated as that of Imam Isma'il, eponym of the Ismailis.

mosque built 1991 by Dawoodi Bohra next to the grave; site tradition: Greek temple of Zeus > Byzantine church > mosque

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah

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Makam Abdallah (keturunan Ja'far al-Sadiq), Salamiyah

Belum disahkan

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, Hama

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Fatimid-era mausoleum for an Alid descendant, rebuilt in 1088 according to its inscription.

built after 1009 by Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah; rebuilt (inscription 1088)

Sumber

Makam Imam (qabr mubarak yang dikaitkan dengan Ahmad al-Wafi), Salamiyah

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Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, Hama

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Blessed grave in Salamiyah associated with the early Ismaili imam Ahmad al-Wafi.

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Kubu Masyaf (pusat Ismailiyah Nizari) قلعة مصياف

Dipulihkan · setakat 2000

Ismaili (Nizari) - historic · castle (religious-political seat) · Masyaf, Hama

Castle that served as the seat of the Syrian Nizari Ismaili state under Rashid ad-Din Sinan.

Nizari from 1141; Rashid ad-Din Sinan 1166-1193; Baybars 1270

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf_Castle: Aga Khan Trust for Culture restoration from 2000 (current condition not described)

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Druze 1 entri

Maqam Ain al-Zaman (ibu pejabat keagamaan Druze) مقام عين الزمان

Belum disahkan

Druze · maqam / religious centre · As-Suwayda, As-Suwayda · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Shrine and seat described as the headquarters of the Druze community in Syria.

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Alawi 1 entri

Makam al-Khasibi (Sheikh Yabraq)

Rosak · setakat 2024-12

Alawite · shrine / tomb · Aleppo (Maysaloun district), Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Didokumenkan dalam sejarah

Tomb shrine of the 10th-century Alawite theologian al-Husayn ibn Hamdan al-Khasibi in Aleppo; set on fire in December 2024.

Sumber status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites: attacked and set on fire (video resurfaced c. 25 Dec 2024; authorities say attack in early Dec 2024); five killed

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Warisan Yazidi di Syria 23 entri

Makam suci yang didokumenkan oleh organisasi hak asasi manusia dan warisan, terutamanya di rantau Afrin. Ia direkodkan sebagai warisan keagamaan yang didokumenkan, bukan sebagai tempat untuk dikunjungi. Hanya nama kampung dinyatakan; tiada kedudukan peta. Lalish dan kuil Sharfadin terletak di Iraq dan bukan sebahagian daripada senarai ini.

Makam Sheikh Ali مزار الشيخ علي

Musnah · setakat 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Basufan, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Central Yazidi shrine of Basufan, whose spire recalled Lalish; listed by STJ among Afrin's Yazidi shrines.

Sumber status: NPA 2020-04-26 (dome destroyed by bulldozer, per Human Rights Organization-Afrin); Newlines 2026-08-26 (Ezdina: spire bulldozed 2020) – Two independent reports (2020, 2026) describe the central shrine's spire/dome as bulldozed in 2020.

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Makam Sheikh Hamid (Sheikh Humayd) مزار الشيخ حميد

Musnah · setakat 2026-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qastal Jindo, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

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Small Yazidi shrine with sacred oak and cemetery between Qastal Jindo and Baflioun, Sharran area.

Sumber status: Newlines Magazine 2026-08-26 (shrine 'now rubble', oak uprooted); earlier: Bellingcat 2019 (photos Feb-Mar 2019: sacred tree cut, graves vandalised, wall and roof partly collapsed); STJ via Kurd-Online 2026 (excavated May 2020) – Progressive damage documented 2019-2020; described as rubble in 2026 reportage.

Sumber

Makam Barsa (Parsê) Khatun مزار برسا خاتون

Belum disahkan · setakat 2026-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qastal Jindo, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Hilltop Yazidi shrine dedicated to Parsê/Barsa Khatun near Qastal Jindo.

Sumber status: Newlines 2026-08-26: hilltop site inside a Turkish military base, could not be visited; trees in front cut down – NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single political source). Access impossible in 2026; physical state of the building not verified.

Sumber

Makam Sheikh Junaid مزار الشيخ جنيد

Rosak · setakat 2018-05

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Faqira (Ras al-Aswad / Feqîran), Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi shrine just outside Faqira (Ras al-Aswad), Jindires area, with conical spire in Lalish style.

Sumber status: Bellingcat 2019 (video 21 May 2018: tombstone smashed, grave opened); Rudaw 2020-04-28 (looted, vandalised; villagers tried repairs) – Desecration confirmed by video; a 2026 photo (Newlines) shows a Faqira shrine with conical spire among tombstones, condition not stated.

Sumber

Makam Sheikh Rukab (Rakab) مزار الشيخ ركاب

Rosak · setakat 2018-06

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Shadiriya (Shaderê), Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi shrine in Shadiriya south of Afrin city.

Sumber status: Bellingcat 2019 (video 21 June 2018: collapsed ceiling, debris); Rudaw 2020 (looted, vandalised) – Damage confirmed by video; claim that it was dug up for gold is an allegation.

Sumber

Makam Malak Adi (Melekadi) مزار ملك آدي

Rosak · setakat 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

One of several Yazidi shrines at Qibar (Melekadi), north of Afrin city.

Sumber status: Rudaw 2020-04-28 (Ezdina Foundation: looted and vandalised); NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single source) – Looting/vandalism reported by Ezdina (Rudaw); Bellingcat 2019 could not determine status.

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Makam Jabal Khana / Chilkhana (Çilxana) مزار جل خانة

Rosak · setakat 2020-05-15

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi site at Qibar ('Jabal Khana' in STJ 2022; 'Chail Khaneh'/Çilxana in STJ 2021; 'Cave of Cilmera' named on Wikipedia - identity not confirmed).

Sumber status: STJ 2021-04-06 (raided/excavated May 2020 by armed groups searching for antiquities); Kurd-Online 2026 – Excavation for antiquities reported; extent of structural damage not stated.

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Makam Ziyarat Hajari (Hecherka / Sheikh Hussein) زيارة حجري

Belum disahkan · setakat 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi shrine at Qibar listed by STJ 2022.

Sumber status: Rudaw 2020 reports 'Sheikh Hussein' shrine at Qibar looted and vandalised; Wikipedia names a 'Hercerka Sheikh Huseyn Shrine' at Qibar – Identification of STJ's 'Ziyarah Hajari' with Hercerka/Sheikh Huseyn is plausible but not confirmed; status kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Tanah perkuburan Yazidi Qibar المقبرة الإيزيدية في قيبار

Rosak · setakat 2019-05-19

Yazidi · cemetery · Qibar, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Yazidi cemetery at Qibar.

Sumber status: Bellingcat 2019 (Afrin Activists Network video, 19 May 2019: graves disrupted); Rudaw 2020; Kurd-Online 2026 – Graves vandalised after March 2018.

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Makam Hujir (Hoger) di Qarah Jarnah (Qara Jorna) مزار هوجر

Rosak · setakat 2018-03-27

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qarah Jarnah (Qara Jorna), Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Shrine near Midanki in the Sharran area, venerated by Yazidis and Muslims.

Sumber status: Bellingcat 2019 (Ezdina News video 27 March 2018: interior damaged, cloth burned) – Desecration confirmed by video; NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single source). Bellingcat notes the shrine is used by both Yazidis and Muslims.

Sumber

Makam Bila Manan (Mannan) مزار بيلا منان

Rosak · setakat 2024-06-13

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Kafr Jana, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi shrine in Kafr Jana (Kafr Janneh), north-east of Afrin city.

Sumber status: North Press Agency 2024-06-13 (photos/footage: fire and vandalism; attributed by local sources to al-Jabha al-Shamiya) – Damage shown in photos/footage obtained by NPA; attribution per local sources.

Sumber

Makam Masha'allah مزار ماشاء الله

Belum disahkan · setakat 2018-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · near Hanan, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Tradisi tempatan yang belum dipastikan

Yazidi shrine near Hanan, listed by STJ 2022.

Sumber status: STJ 2021 reports a 'Hannan Shrine, Masha'ala village' raided and looted in Aug 2018 (graves of Kurdish figures) – Not established that STJ 2021's Hannan shrine is the Yazidi Masha'allah shrine listed in STJ 2022; status kept unconfirmed.

Sumber

Bangunan Kesatuan Kebudayaan Yazidi (Afrin) مقر الاتحاد الثقافي الإيزيدي في عفرين

Musnah · setakat 2018-03

Yazidi · community building · Afrin, Aleppo · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

Community and cultural centre of the Yazidi Cultural Union (founded 2013) on Velat Street, Afrin city.

Sumber status: STJ 2022 (satellite 6 Feb vs 21 Mar 2018); Bellingcat 2019 (imagery 7 Feb vs 22 Mar 2018) – Destroyed during/after capture of Afrin in March 2018; a school (Al-Imam wa Al-Khateeb) opened on the site on 23 Sep 2021. Reported destruction of a Lalish-dome monument and a Zoroaster statue is unverified (Bellingcat).

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Projek kuil Yazidi, Dukar (Amuda)

Belum disahkan · setakat 2025-08-03

Yazidi · temple (new construction project) · Dukar (Amuda countryside), Al-Hasakah · Tiada kedudukan peta (perlindungan)

New Yazidi temple announced by the Yazidi Union in Syria at Dukar near Amuda, marking the 2014 genocide anniversary.

foundation stone 2025-08-03

Sumber status: North Press Agency 2025-08-03 – Only the foundation stone was reported; construction progress unknown. Modern project, not historic heritage.

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Muzium di kesemua 14 wilayah 40 entri

Sesebuah muzium hanya dikira dibuka jika ada sumber bertarikh 2025–2026. Waktu dibuka tidak dinyatakan kerana tiada sumber boleh dipercayai yang menyenaraikannya.

Muzium Negara Al-Hasakah

Ditutup · setakat 2026-02-12

Al-Hasakah, Al-Hasakah

Begun in 2002 to house finds from the Khabur sites such as Tell Mozan, the museum building was used by the army from 2011 to 2024 and has never opened to the public.

Koleksi: Planned for finds from Khabur sites such as Tell Mozan; c. 8,000 objects in regional storage.

Kerosakan perang: Military use 2011–2024.

Has never opened to the public; repairs to utilities needed before opening (The Art Newspaper, Feb 2026).

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Muzium Negara Aleppo

Belum disahkan · setakat 2024-12-20

Aleppo, Aleppo

Northern Syria's great archaeological museum, whose core was formed by finds from Tell Halaf, holds material from Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, Hama and many other sites. It was hit by shelling in 2016 and damaged by the 2023 earthquake.

Koleksi: Archaeology of northern Syria (Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, Hama, Tell Halaf/Guzana – 35 Tell Halaf pieces from the 1927 division formed its core), classical and Islamic periods.

Kerosakan perang: Hit by missiles and mortars in July 2016 (roof and structure badly damaged); façade cracked and artefacts damaged in the 6 Feb 2023 earthquake; heavy statues had been encased in concrete for protection.

Partly reopened in 2019 (UNDP); damaged in the Feb 2023 earthquake; in Dec 2024 the director said it was preparing to reopen (Asharq Al-Awsat). No dated 2025–2026 confirmation of opening found.

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Muzium Kota Aleppo

Belum disahkan · setakat 2025-12-12

Aleppo, Aleppo

A small site museum inside the medieval Citadel of Aleppo presenting finds from excavations in the citadel.

Koleksi: Finds from excavations in the citadel (details not verified).

Kerosakan perang: Citadel used as military stronghold during the war and damaged by the 2023 earthquake (Asharq Al-Awsat Dec 2024).

The citadel itself reopened to visitors in September 2025 (The National, 12 Dec 2025); whether the museum rooms are open is not confirmed.

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Beit Achiqbash – Muzium Tradisi Rakyat

Belum disahkan

Aleppo (Judayda quarter), Aleppo

An Ottoman courtyard house in the Judayda quarter used as Aleppo's Museum of Popular Traditions.

Koleksi: Aleppine folk traditions and domestic life.

Kerosakan perang: Not verified in this pass (al-Judayda quarter suffered heavy fighting).

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

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Beit Ghazaleh – Muzium Memori Aleppo

Rosak · setakat 2018

Aleppo (Judayda quarter), Aleppo

One of Aleppo's grandest historic houses, intended as a museum of the city's memory; its carved wooden interiors were damaged and partly lost during the war.

Koleksi: Planned/partial museum of the memory of Aleppo (details not verified).

Kerosakan perang: Damage and loss of carved wooden interior panels (reports of 2018 cited by Wikipedia list).

Listed as damaged; wooden interior panels reported missing (cited reports from 2018). No 2025–2026 status found.

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Beit Junblatt

Belum disahkan

Aleppo, Aleppo

An Ottoman palace in Aleppo listed among the city's museums; its present museum use is unconfirmed.

Koleksi: Not verified.

Only listed as museum in Wikipedia list; current museum use not verified.

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Muzium Negara As-Suwayda

Belum disahkan

As-Suwayda, As-Suwayda

Opened in 1990 in a basalt-clad building, the museum of Suwayda shows the basalt sculpture, mosaics and coins of the Hauran mountain from Nabataean to Islamic times, with an open-air garden of stone monuments.

Koleksi: Basalt sculpture, mosaics (incl. mythological scenes), pottery, glass and coins from Nabataean to Islamic periods.

Kerosakan perang: None found.

No dated 2025–2026 status found; effect of the July 2025 violence in Suwayda on the museum not documented in sources consulted.

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Muzium Shahba (Philippopolis)

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Shahba, As-Suwayda

A museum in Shahba, the Roman city of Philippopolis founded by Emperor Philip the Arab, known for its mosaics.

Koleksi: Roman mosaics from Philippopolis (details not verified).

No dated status found.

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Muzium Negara Damsyik

Dibuka semula · setakat 2025-12-02

Damascus, Damsyik

Syria's principal museum, founded in 1919, presents finds from all periods and regions, from prehistoric tools and the Ugarit alphabet tablet to the Dura-Europos synagogue and a Palmyrene tomb. Its entrance re-uses the gateway of the Umayyad palace Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. After several closures it reopened in 2025.

Koleksi: Syria's largest archaeological collection in five departments (prehistory, ancient Near East incl. Ugarit, Ebla and Mari tablets, classical incl. Palmyra hypogeum and the Dura-Europos synagogue, Islamic, modern art).

Kerosakan perang: No structural war destruction reported, but The Art Newspaper (Aug 2025) describes cracked walls and ceilings and parts of the building used as storage for objects evacuated from six other museums; theft of six Roman statues from the classical department in Nov 2025.

Closed 2012, partly reopened 29 Oct 2018, closed 7 Dec 2024, reopened 8 Jan 2025; closed again after the theft of six Roman marble statues discovered 10 Nov 2025; reopening after security upgrade reported on 2 Dec 2025 (SANA, undated page; Syrian Future Movement statement). Exact reopening date and open sections not confirmed by an official dated notice.

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Muzium Penjara Syria

Dibuka · setakat 2025-09-15

Damascus, Damsyik

A documentation project launched in 2025 that uses digital reconstructions, virtual reality and survivor testimonies to record detention and torture in Assad-era prisons.

Koleksi: Digital archive, 3D/VR reconstructions of Assad-era detention and torture facilities and survivor video testimonies.

Launched 15 Sep 2025 (The New Arab, AFP). Continuous physical opening not verified; mainly online.

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Istana Azm – Muzium Seni dan Tradisi Rakyat

Belum disahkan · setakat 2025-08-17

Damascus (Old City), Damsyik

The 18th-century residence of governor As'ad Pasha al-Azm in the Old City houses the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions, with rooms evoking Damascene household life, crafts and costume around richly decorated courtyards.

Koleksi: Ethnographic displays of Damascene domestic life, crafts, costumes and tableaux in the palace rooms.

Kerosakan perang: No war damage found in the sources consulted.

DGAM page (Aug 2025) states the building is in good condition and used as the Museum of Popular Traditions, but gives no opening information. No dated 2025–2026 confirmation of public opening found.

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Muzium Perubatan dan Sains di Dunia Arab (Bimaristan Nur al-Din)

Belum disahkan

Damascus (Old City), Damsyik

The 12th-century hospital founded by Nur al-Din now hosts a museum on the history of medicine and science in the Arab-Islamic world.

Koleksi: Historical medical and pharmaceutical instruments, manuscripts and displays on medieval Arab-Islamic medicine and science.

Kerosakan perang: None found in the sources consulted.

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

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Muzium Tentera Syria

Belum disahkan

Damascus, Damsyik

Syria's military museum in central Damascus displayed weapons and military history; its present location and condition could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Weapons, uniforms and military history displays (contents and current location not verified).

No dated status found; location/relocation not verified.

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Panorama Perang Oktober

Rosak · setakat 2024-12

Damascus, Damsyik

Opened in 1998, the panorama glorified the 1973 war and Hafez al-Assad with captured hardware, monumental paintings and a rotating 3D view of the battle for Quneitra. Parts were reportedly ransacked after December 2024.

Koleksi: Military hardware from the 1973 war, large paintings and a rotating 3D panorama of the battle for Quneitra.

Kerosakan perang: Reported ransacking after Dec 2024 (single, weak source).

Wikipedia states parts of the building were ransacked and destroyed after the fall of the Assad government (cited to an archived video); no dated official status found.

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Rumah Warisan Syria (Menara Lapan, Kota Damsyik)

Dibuka · setakat 2026-09-25

Damascus (Old City), Damsyik

A restored tower of the Ayyubid citadel reopened in 2026 as a cultural space presenting Syria's tangible and intangible heritage, including antiquities returned from abroad.

Koleksi: Exhibitions on tangible and intangible Syrian heritage; in Aug 2026 showed 23 antiquities returned from France.

Reopened as multipurpose cultural space in Jan 2026; exhibition in Aug 2026 (The National, 25 Sep 2026).

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Al-Bayt al-Shami – Muzium Sejarah Damsyik

Belum disahkan

Damascus, Damsyik

A museum on the history of the city of Damascus listed in heritage directories; its current state is unknown.

Koleksi: Historical museum of the city of Damascus (details not verified).

Only listed in Wikipedia list and Heritage for Peace; no dated status.

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Muzium Epigrafi (Damsyik)

Belum disahkan

Damascus, Damsyik

A museum of inscriptions in Damascus mentioned in museum lists; its existence today could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Inscriptions (details not verified).

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence today not verified.

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Muzium Pertanian Damsyik

Belum disahkan

Damascus, Damsyik

An agricultural museum in Damascus mentioned in museum lists; its existence today could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Not verified.

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence today not verified.

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Muzium Bosra (Kota)

Belum disahkan

Bosra, Daraa

Inside the Ayyubid citadel that encloses Bosra's Roman theatre, the museum presents archaeological and folk material from the Hauran.

Koleksi: Archaeological and folk material from the Hauran (details not verified).

Kerosakan perang: DGAM reported fighting damage to the citadel (24 Mar 2015).

No dated status found.

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Muzium Deir ez-Zor

Rosak · setakat 2025-09-22

Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor

Built in 1996 as a Syrian–German project, the museum of Deir ez-Zor presented the archaeology of the Jazira and the Euphrates, from Mari to Dura-Europos, with full-scale reconstructions. Closed since 2011, much of its collection was evacuated to Damascus.

Koleksi: Archaeology of the Jazira and Euphrates: Mari tablets, Khabur sites (Brak, Leilan, Mozan, Beydar), Dura-Europos, ethnography; full-scale reconstructions.

Kerosakan perang: Damaged during the war (unspecified); collection evacuated.

Closed since 2011; c. 30,000 objects evacuated to Damascus in 2014–2015; Sept 2025 governor cancelled plan to allocate museum rooms as offices; damage acknowledged; no reopening date.

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Muzium Tradisi Rakyat (Deir ez-Zor)

Belum disahkan

Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor

A folk-traditions museum in Deir ez-Zor known only from a Wikidata entry; details are unverified.

Koleksi: Not verified.

Wikidata item only; location precision doubtful.

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Muzium Tapak Dura-Europos

Belum disahkan

Salhiyeh (Dura-Europos), Deir ez-Zor

A site museum at Dura-Europos recorded in Wikidata; its existence and state could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Not verified.

Recent Wikidata item; the site was extensively looted 2013–2016 (not museum-specific).

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Muzium Negara Hama

Belum disahkan

Hama, Hama

The regional museum of Hama presents the archaeology of the middle Orontes valley; it was reported looted during the war.

Koleksi: Archaeology of the Hama region from prehistory to the Islamic period (details not verified).

Kerosakan perang: Reported looted; a gilt bronze Aramaean statue listed as missing (Wikipedia list).

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

Sumber

Muzium Apamea (Khan Qal'at al-Madiq)

Rosak · setakat 2019-08-27

Qal'at al-Madiq, Hama

A 16th-century Ottoman caravanserai below the castle of Qal'at al-Madiq, converted in 1982 into a museum of the mosaics of Apamea. It suffered looting and fighting during the war.

Koleksi: Roman and Byzantine mosaics, sarcophagi and finds from Apamea.

Kerosakan perang: Looted by armed groups (2012 reports); shelling in 2019; mosaics wrapped and sandbagged by local protectors.

Looting and vandalism reported 2012; repeated attacks reported 2019; condition described as unknown in Aug 2019. No 2025–2026 status found.

Sumber

Muzium Homs

Dibuka semula · setakat 2026-08

Homs, Homs

The archaeological museum of Homs presents finds from Qatna, the Kadesh region and Roman Emesa. In August 2026 one hall reopened for the first time since 2011.

Koleksi: Regional archaeology incl. Qatna royal-tomb finds, material linked to Qadesh, Roman Emesa and Islamic pottery.

Kerosakan perang: Reported looted (Wikipedia list).

One hall reopened in August 2026 (Stone Sculpture Week 1–6 Aug 2026) for the first time since 2011; full reopening not yet announced.

Buka halaman tempat
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Muzium Palmyra

Rosak · setakat 2025-10-30

Palmyra (Tadmur), Homs

The site museum of Palmyra, built in 1961, held the famous Palmyrene funerary portraits. It was badly damaged and its sculptures smashed during the war; an internationally funded rehabilitation is being prepared.

Koleksi: Palmyrene funerary portraits, sculpture, mosaics and finds from the ancient city.

Kerosakan perang: Heavily damaged and statues smashed during ISIS occupations (2015–2017) and fighting; looting.

Collapsed roof, damaged exhibits and no visitor facilities (The National, 30 Oct 2025); ALIPH preparatory phase for rehabilitation 2026.

Sumber

Muzium Idlib

Rosak · setakat 2025-12-03

Idlib, Idlib

The museum of Idlib is best known for the clay tablets of the Ebla archives. Damaged by bombing and the 2023 earthquake, it is being rehabilitated; more than 1,400 objects were returned to it in December 2025.

Koleksi: Finds from Ebla incl. cuneiform tablets of the Ebla archives, and other regional sites.

Kerosakan perang: Damaged by bombing and the 2023 earthquake; reopened briefly in 2018 under opposition administration.

Under rehabilitation after bomb and earthquake damage (The Art Newspaper, Aug 2025); 1,234 tablets and 198 objects returned to the museum in Dec 2025. Opening to the public not confirmed.

Sumber

Muzium Mozek Ma'arrat al-Nu'man

Ditutup · setakat 2026-09-25

Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Idlib

Housed in the Ottoman Khan Murad Pasha, this museum displays late Roman and Byzantine mosaics from the Dead Cities. It was struck several times during the war and remains closed pending restoration.

Koleksi: Late Roman and Byzantine mosaics from the Dead Cities region.

Kerosakan perang: Hit by shelling in 2012 and by airstrikes (incl. two rockets on 9 May 2016); building and mosaics damaged.

Closed awaiting restoration; surviving objects wrapped in storage; engineering study in preparation, no timetable (The National, Sep 2026).

Buka halaman tempat
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Muzium Ebla

Belum disahkan

Tell Mardikh (Ebla), Idlib

A museum at Ebla is mentioned in museum lists; whether a site museum exists at Tell Mardikh today could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Not verified (main Ebla finds are in Idlib, Aleppo and Damascus).

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence and current state not verified.

Sumber

Muzium Negara Latakia

Belum disahkan

Latakia, Latakia

Set in a 16th-century Ottoman khan once used for the tobacco trade, the Latakia museum shows finds from Ugarit and Ras Ibn Hani, classical and Islamic objects and modern art.

Koleksi: Ugarit (Ras Shamra) and Ras Ibn Hani tablets and finds, classical and Islamic objects, modern art.

Kerosakan perang: No physical damage reported in sources consulted.

Closed temporarily from 2011 (garden remained open per Wikipedia). No dated 2025–2026 status found.

Sumber

Muzium Raqqa

Ditutup · setakat 2026-10

Raqqa, Raqqa

The Ottoman government building of 1861 became Raqqa's museum in 1981, with finds from the Balikh and Euphrates sites and the Abbasid city. Looted under ISIS, the building has been restored and its collection is being reconstituted ahead of reopening.

Koleksi: Finds from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Bi'a, Tell Chuera, Tell Munbaqa, Roman to Abbasid (Harun al-Rashid era) objects.

Kerosakan perang: Looted and damaged under ISIS (reported 2013); building damaged; thousands of objects missing.

Building restoration completed with ALIPH support; restoration of remaining collection under way "so that the museum may be re-opened" (ALIPH project page). Oct 2026: efforts to recover c. 4,700 missing artefacts (Enab Baladi headline; article not accessible).

Buka halaman tempat
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Muzium Qal'at Ja'bar

Belum disahkan

Qal'at Ja'bar (Lake Assad), Raqqa

A small museum in the castle of Qal'at Ja'bar on Lake Assad; its current state is unknown.

Koleksi: Finds from the castle (details not verified).

Kerosakan perang: Possibly looted 1 May 2012 (attribution unclear).

No dated status found. Note: Wikipedia's damage list conflates it with the Raqqa Museum (looting on 1 May 2012).

Buka halaman tempat
Sumber

Muzium Tartus (Katedral Bonda Maria Tortosa)

Ditutup · setakat 2025

Tartus, Tartus

The crusader Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa has served as the museum of Tartus since 1956, displaying finds from Amrit, Arwad and the coast. Closed and damaged, it is being rehabilitated in a 2025–2027 project.

Koleksi: Finds from Amrit, Arwad, Tartus and the coast from prehistory to the medieval period.

Kerosakan perang: "Significant damage to both its building and collections" (ALIPH).

Closed for years; ALIPH/Aga Khan Trust for Culture rehabilitation project 2025–2027 aims to reopen it (project page, retrieved 2026-10-30).

Buka halaman tempat
Sumber

Muzium Amrit

Belum disahkan

Amrit, Tartus

A museum at the Phoenician site of Amrit is mentioned in lists; its existence and state could not be confirmed.

Koleksi: Not verified.

Listed by Heritage for Peace and Wikipedia without location; existence today not verified.

Sumber

Objek yang disimpan di tempat lain

Penemuan dari tapak di Syria yang kini berada di muzium di tempat lain. Tapak asal dan objek-objek itu direkodkan secara berasingan.

  • Penemuan Tell Halaf (Guzana)Main share taken to Berlin by Max von Oppenheim (private Tell Halaf Museum, burnt Nov 1943; >30 sculptures reconstructed from c. 27,000 fragments 2001–2010, shown at the Pergamon Museum 2011, now with the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin). 35 pieces from the 1927 division went to Aleppo and formed the core of the National Museum of Aleppo; some reliefs in the British Museum and the Walters Art Museum.

Medan perang dan titik perubahan sejarah di Syria 32 entri

Dari Kadesh hingga Maysalun. Lokasi adalah setepat yang dibenarkan oleh sumber; medan perang yang dipertikaikan hanya ditunjukkan sebagai rantau.

Battle of Kadesh – c. May 1274 BC (low chronology; high chronology about 20 years earlier)Siege of Dura-Europos – 256 ADSiege of Damascus (634) – 21 August – 19 September 634Siege of Emesa (Homs) – December 635 – March 636Battle of Hazir – June 637Battle of Siffin – 26–28 July 657 (8–10 Safar 37 AH)Battle of Marj Rahit – 18 August 684Byzantine sack of Aleppo – 24–31 December 962Siege of Shaizar – 28 April – 21 May 1138Zengi's siege of Qal'at Ja'bar – 1146Saladin's siege of Masyaf – May 1176Saladin's capture of Saone (Saladin's Castle) – 27–29 July 1188Ayyubid conquest of Qal'at Najm – 1202Mongol siege of Aleppo – 18–24 January 1260Siege of Krak des Chevaliers – 3 March – 8 April 1271Siege of Margat (al-Marqab) – 17 April – 23 May 1285Mongol siege of al-Rahba – 1312/1313 (about one month)Timurid sack of Aleppo – October–November 1400Timurid siege and sack of Damascus – December 1400 – March 1401Battle of Marj Dabiq – 24 August 1516Muzium Negara DamsyikIstana Azm – Muzium Seni dan Tradisi RakyatMuzium Perubatan dan Sains di Dunia Arab (Bimaristan Nur al-Din)Muzium Kaligrafi ArabMuzium Tentera SyriaPanorama Perang OktoberRumah Warisan Syria (Menara Lapan, Kota Damsyik)Muzium Negara AleppoMuzium Kota AleppoBeit Achiqbash – Muzium Tradisi RakyatBeit Ghazaleh – Muzium Memori AleppoBeit JunblattIstana Azm, HamaMuzium Apamea (Khan Qal'at al-Madiq)Muzium HomsMuzium IdlibMuzium Mozek Ma'arrat al-Nu'manMuzium Negara LatakiaMuzium Tartus (Katedral Bonda Maria Tortosa)Muzium Arwad (Kota Arwad)Muzium Bosra (Kota)Muzium DaraaMuzium Negara As-SuwaydaMuzium RaqqaMuzium Qal'at Ja'barMuzium Deir ez-ZorMuzium Tradisi Rakyat (Deir ez-Zor)Muzium Tapak Dura-Europos
  • Muzium di kesemua 14 wilayah
  • Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan
  • Kawasan anggaran
  • Lokasi dipertikaikan – rantau sahaja

  1. Pertempuran Kadesh معركة قادش

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    One of the earliest battles whose course is known in detail: chariot armies of Ramesses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli II clashed on the Orontes plain near Kadesh. Egyptian monuments present it as a triumph, but the result was a stalemate that eventually led to one of the oldest known peace treaties.

    Pihak terlibat
    Egyptian New Kingdom · Hittite Empire
    Panglima
    Ramesses II · Muwatalli II · Hattusili III · Talmi-Sarruma of Aleppo
    Kesudahan
    Inconclusive; no territorial gain for Egypt. Later followed by the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty (c. 1259 BC).
    Lokasi
    Orontes plain near Kadesh (Tell Nebi Mend), just upstream of Lake Homs; a Wikipedia footnote places it near al-Houz, al-Qusayr District.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Tell Nebi Mend (ancient Kadesh) survives as an archaeological tell; no battlefield remains. The battle is commemorated in Egyptian reliefs (Ramesseum, Abu Simbel, Karnak, Luxor, Abydos).
    Kadesh (Qadesh) Tasik Qattinah (Tasik Homs) Muzium Homs
    Sumber

  2. Pengepungan Dura-Europos حصار دورا أوروبوس

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Deir ez-Zor

    Shapur I took the Roman frontier city on the Euphrates around 256 after a siege fought partly underground. The excavated mines and counter-mines, with the remains of soldiers who died in a tunnel, are among the best archaeological evidence of ancient siege warfare.

    Pihak terlibat
    Sasanian Empire · Roman Empire
    Panglima
    Shapur I · Roman commander unknown
    Kesudahan
    Sasanian capture of the city; Dura was abandoned afterwards.
    Lokasi
    City walls of Dura-Europos above the Euphrates near as-Salihiyah.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Sasanian siege mines and Roman counter-mines under the western wall (where c. 20 Roman soldiers died, probably from toxic fumes), city walls and towers; remains of a Sasanian siege ramp are recorded as a separate Wikidata item. The site was heavily looted 2013–2016.
    Dura-Europos
    Sumber

  3. Pertempuran Emesa معركة حمص (إميسا)

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    Emperor Aurelian defeated the army of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra outside Emesa. The battle ended the short-lived Palmyrene Empire and opened the road to Palmyra itself.

    Pihak terlibat
    Roman Empire · Palmyrene Empire
    Panglima
    Aurelian · Zenobia · Zabdas
    Kesudahan
    Roman victory; collapse of the Palmyrene Empire and subsequent siege and capture of Palmyra.
    Lokasi
    Plain before Emesa (Homs).
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Tadmur
    Sumber

  4. Pertempuran Callinicum معركة الرقة (كالينيكوس)

    Kawasan anggaran · Raqqa

    Belisarius confronted a retreating Persian army on the Euphrates near Callinicum, today Raqqa, and lost after a hard fight. The battle belongs to the long Roman–Persian struggle for the Mesopotamian frontier.

    Pihak terlibat
    Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid allies · Sasanian Empire with Lakhmid allies
    Panglima
    Belisarius · Hermogenes · Azarethes · al-Mundhir III
    Kesudahan
    Sasanian victory, costly enough to be described as Pyrrhic.
    Lokasi
    Near Callinicum (Raqqa), on the bank of the Euphrates.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Kubu Raqqa Muzium Raqqa
    Sumber

  5. Pertempuran dan penyerahan Bosra معركة بصرى وفتحها

    Kawasan anggaran · Daraa

    According to the Islamic tradition Khalid ibn al-Walid reached Bosra after his desert march from Iraq and, together with Shurahbil, forced the city to surrender in 634. Bosra became the first major town of Byzantine Syria to fall to the Muslim armies; details differ between the sources.

    Pihak terlibat
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid forces
    Panglima
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Shurahbil ibn Hasana · Romanus (Byzantine)
    Kesudahan
    Rashidun victory; Bosra surrendered against tribute in mid-July 634.
    Lokasi
    Outside the walls of Bosra.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Ancient city of Bosra (UNESCO World Heritage); the Mosque of Umar is traditionally linked to the conquest period. No battlefield remains.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources. Theophanes dates the event to the caliphate of Umar.

    Kubu Bosra Masjid Umar (Bosra)
    Sumber

  6. Pengepungan Damsyik (634) حصار دمشق (634)

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Damsyik

    The month-long siege brought Damascus under Muslim rule. Tradition tells of two entries – Khalid ibn al-Walid storming the East Gate while Abu Ubayda negotiated a surrender at the Jabiya Gate – and of the decision to honour the negotiated terms.

    Pihak terlibat
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire
    Panglima
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Thomas (Byzantine garrison)
    Kesudahan
    Rashidun capture of Damascus; according to the sources Khalid broke in at the East Gate while Abu Ubayda accepted a negotiated surrender at the Jabiya Gate, and the surrender terms were honoured.
    Lokasi
    Walls and gates of Roman/Byzantine Damascus (East Gate = Bab Sharqi, Jabiya Gate).
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Bab Sharqi (Roman East Gate) and the line of the Old City walls; Bab al-Jabiyah (later rebuilt).

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Bab Sharqi Bab al-Jabiyah Masjid Agung Damsyik
    Sumber

  7. Pengepungan Emesa (Homs) حصار حمص

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    During the winter of 635–636 the Muslim armies under Abu Ubayda and Khalid ibn al-Walid besieged Emesa until the city came to terms. Homs became one of the main garrison centres of early Islamic Syria.

    Pihak terlibat
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire
    Panglima
    Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Khalid ibn al-Walid · Ubada ibn al-Samit · Harbees (Byzantine)
    Kesudahan
    Rashidun capture of Emesa (later briefly evacuated before Yarmouk).
    Lokasi
    Around ancient Emesa (Homs).
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None specific; the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque in Homs houses a tomb traditionally attributed to Khalid (not verified in this pass).

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Kubu Homs
    Sumber

  8. Pertempuran Yarmuk معركة اليرموك

    Lokasi dipertikaikan – rantau sahaja · Daraa

    Over six days in August 636 the Muslim armies defeated a large Byzantine field army in the Yarmouk region. The battle decided the fate of Byzantine Syria; the precise layout and extent of the battlefield remain a matter of scholarly reconstruction.

    Pihak terlibat
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid allies
    Panglima
    Khalid ibn al-Walid (field command per tradition) · Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Amr ibn al-As · Shurahbil ibn Hasana · Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan · Vahan · Theodore Trithyrius · Jabala ibn al-Ayham
    Kesudahan
    Decisive Rashidun victory that effectively ended Byzantine rule in Syria.
    Lokasi
    Region of the Yarmouk river and its tributary the Wadi al-Ruqqad, south-east of the Sea of Galilee, on today's Syria–Jordan border. The exact extent of the battlefield, the position of the Byzantine camps (north of the Wadi al-Ruqqad vs. Yaqusa) and crossing points are reconstructed differently by historians (e.g. Akram vs. Nicolle); therefore no point coordinates are given.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources. Wikipedia notes that Khalid took over command from Abu Ubayda in a council of war.

    Sumber

  9. Pertempuran Hazir معركة الحاضر

    Kawasan anggaran · Aleppo

    Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry defeated a Byzantine force near Qinnasrin, opening northern Syria and Aleppo to the Muslim armies.

    Pihak terlibat
    Rashidun Caliphate (Mobile Guard) · Byzantine Empire
    Panglima
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Menas (Byzantine, killed)
    Kesudahan
    Rashidun victory; Qinnasrin surrendered soon afterwards.
    Lokasi
    Plain about three miles east of Qinnasrin at al-Hadir.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known; ruins of Qinnasrin (Chalcis) nearby.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Qinnasrin
    Sumber

  10. Pertempuran Siffin معركة صفين

    Kawasan anggaran · Raqqa

    Armies of Caliph Ali and of Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, fought for days on the Euphrates west of Raqqa. The call for arbitration that ended the fighting shaped the later division of the Muslim community.

    Pihak terlibat
    Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib · Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Syria)
    Panglima
    Ali ibn Abi Talib · Malik al-Ashtar · Ammar ibn Yasir (killed) · Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan · Amr ibn al-As
    Kesudahan
    Inconclusive; fighting stopped when the Syrians called for arbitration, which ended inconclusively in 658. A turning point in the history of Islamic sects (emergence of the Kharijites).
    Lokasi
    Siffin, a ruined Byzantine-era village on the Euphrates near Raqqa; identified with Tell Abu Hureyra, now submerged by Lake Assad.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None visible; the identified site lies under Lake Assad.
    Tell Abu Hureyra Masjid Uwais al-Qarni
    Sumber

  11. Pertempuran Marj Rahit معركة مرج راهط

    Kawasan anggaran · Rif Dimashq

    North-east of Damascus Marwan I and his Kalb allies defeated the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr. The victory kept the caliphate in Umayyad hands but left a long-lasting tribal rivalry in Syria.

    Pihak terlibat
    Umayyads (Marwan I, Kalb tribal coalition) · Zubayrid supporters (Qays tribes)
    Panglima
    Marwan I · Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad · al-Dahhak ibn Qays (killed) · Zufar ibn al-Harith
    Kesudahan
    Umayyad victory; secured Syria for the Marwanid branch but deepened the Qays–Yaman feud.
    Lokasi
    Marj Rahit meadow near Adra, about 17 km north-east of Damascus.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Sumber

  12. Penjarahan Aleppo oleh Byzantine اجتياح البيزنطيين لحلب

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Aleppo

    Nikephoros Phokas surprised Sayf al-Dawla, took his palace outside the walls and stormed Aleppo. Only the citadel held out; the city was looted and partly destroyed.

    Pihak terlibat
    Byzantine Empire · Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo
    Panglima
    Nikephoros Phokas · John Tzimiskes · Sayf al-Dawla
    Kesudahan
    City stormed and plundered for about a week; the citadel held; thousands of captives taken.
    Lokasi
    City of Aleppo; the citadel resisted.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Citadel of Aleppo (later rebuilt); no remains specific to 962.
    Kubu kota Aleppo
    Sumber

  13. Pertempuran Ager Sanguinis (Padang Darah, Sarmada) معركة ساحة الدم (سرمدا / البلاط)

    Lokasi dipertikaikan – rantau sahaja · Idlib

    Ilghazi's army annihilated the field army of Antioch and killed its regent Roger of Salerno. Crusader chroniclers named the place the "Field of Blood"; its exact location is given differently in the sources.

    Pihak terlibat
    Principality of Antioch · Artuqids of Mardin/Aleppo
    Panglima
    Roger of Salerno (killed) · Ilghazi
    Kesudahan
    Artuqid victory; the Antiochene army was destroyed.
    Lokasi
    Between Antioch and Aleppo near al-Atharib; sources name the Sarmada pass or al-Balat.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Sarmada
    Sumber

  14. Pengepungan Shaizar حصار شيزر

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Hama

    A Byzantine–crusader army under John II Komnenos besieged the Munqidhite stronghold on the Orontes but failed to take its citadel; the emir bought peace with tribute.

    Pihak terlibat
    Byzantine Empire, Antioch, Edessa, Templars · Munqidhite Emirate of Shaizar, Zengids
    Panglima
    John II Komnenos · Raymond of Poitiers · Joscelin II · Sultan ibn Munqidh · Zengi
    Kesudahan
    The town fell but the citadel held; the emir paid an indemnity and became a Byzantine vassal.
    Lokasi
    Castle of Shaizar on the Orontes.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Castle of Shaizar (later Ayyubid/Mamluk rebuilding).
    Shaizar
    Sumber

  15. Pengepungan Qal'at Ja'bar oleh Zengi حصار عماد الدين زنكي لقلعة جعبر

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Raqqa

    While besieging Qal'at Ja'bar in 1146, Imad al-Din Zengi, conqueror of Edessa, was killed by a servant. His death passed the leadership of the Muslim counter-crusade to his son Nur al-Din.

    Pihak terlibat
    Zengids · Uqaylid lord of Qal'at Ja'bar
    Panglima
    Imad al-Din Zengi
    Kesudahan
    Zengi was murdered in his camp by one of his own slaves; the siege was abandoned.
    Lokasi
    Qal'at Ja'bar, now on a peninsula in Lake Assad.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Castle of Qal'at Ja'bar (Ayyubid rebuilding); ISIS-held 2014–2017.
    Qal'at Ja'bar
    Sumber

  16. Pengepungan Damsyik (Perang Salib Kedua) حصار دمشق في الحملة الصليبية الثانية

    Kawasan anggaran · Damsyik

    The kings of Germany, France and Jerusalem besieged Damascus for only five days before withdrawing. The failure discredited the Second Crusade and helped Nur al-Din later gain Damascus.

    Pihak terlibat
    Kingdom of Jerusalem, Holy Roman Empire, France, military orders · Burids of Damascus, supported by Zengids
    Panglima
    Baldwin III · Conrad III · Louis VII · Mu'in al-Din Unur · Sayf al-Din Ghazi I · Nur al-Din
    Kesudahan
    Crusaders abandoned the siege after five days; the Second Crusade ended in failure.
    Lokasi
    Around the walls and orchards of Damascus.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None specific.
    Istana kota Damsyik
    Sumber

  17. Pertempuran Tanduk Hama معركة قرون حماة

    Kawasan anggaran · Hama

    Saladin defeated a Zengid coalition near Hama, an important step in uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ayyubids (Saladin) · Zengids of Aleppo and Mosul
    Panglima
    Saladin · Muhammad ibn Shirkuh · Gökböri
    Kesudahan
    Ayyubid victory; Saladin consolidated his rule in central Syria.
    Lokasi
    Near Hama.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Kubu Hama
    Sumber

  18. Pengepungan Masyaf oleh Salahuddin حصار صلاح الدين لقلعة مصياف

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Hama

    Saladin besieged the chief castle of the Syrian Nizari Ismailis in 1176 but soon accepted a truce. Masyaf remained Ismaili until the Mamluk sultan Baybars took it in 1270.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ayyubids · Nizari Ismailis
    Panglima
    Saladin
    Kesudahan
    Brief siege ended in a truce. The castle later fell to Baybars in February 1270.
    Lokasi
    Masyaf Castle.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Masyaf Castle (restored 2000s).
    Kota Masyaf
    Sumber

  19. Penawanan Saone oleh Salahuddin (Kubu Salahuddin) فتح صلاح الدين لقلعة صهيون

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Latakia

    Saladin's army bombarded and stormed the crusader castle of Saone in 1188; the garrison surrendered after three days. The castle, today named after Saladin, keeps one of the most impressive rock-cut moats of the Middle Ages.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ayyubids · Crusader garrison (Principality of Antioch)
    Panglima
    Saladin · al-Zahir Ghazi
    Kesudahan
    Castle fell within three days; the garrison ransomed itself; granted to the emir Mankawar.
    Lokasi
    Qal'at Salah ad-Din (Saone/Sahyun) near al-Haffah.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Rock-cut ditch c. 28 m deep with a free-standing 28 m needle pillar for the drawbridge; UNESCO World Heritage (Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din).
    Kota Salah Ed-Din
    Sumber

  20. Penaklukan Qal'at Najm oleh Ayyubiyah استيلاء الأيوبيين على قلعة نجم

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Aleppo

    In 1202 al-Zahir Ghazi of Aleppo seized the Euphrates fortress of Qal'at Najm together with Manbij and Qal'at Ja'bar. No major battle is recorded there; the castle is included as a fortress whose history was shaped by sieges.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ayyubids of Aleppo · Rival Ayyubid holders in the Jazira
    Panglima
    al-Zahir Ghazi
    Kesudahan
    Qal'at Najm, Manbij and Qal'at Ja'bar taken.
    Lokasi
    Qal'at Najm on the Euphrates.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Qal'at Najm castle (Ayyubid rebuilding); damaged by an Ottoman siege in 1820; SDF capture from ISIS 2016.
    Kubu Najm Qal'at Ja'bar
    Sumber

  21. Pengepungan Aleppo oleh Mongol حصار المغول لحلب

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Aleppo

    Hulegu's Mongols, with Armenian and Antiochene allies, took Aleppo in January 1260 and massacred much of its population; the Great Mosque burned and the citadel was destroyed after its surrender.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ilkhanate (Mongols), Cilician Armenia, Antioch · Ayyubids
    Panglima
    Hulegu · Hethum I · Bohemond VI · al-Mu'azzam Turanshah
    Kesudahan
    City taken after about a week and its population massacred; the citadel surrendered about a month later and was destroyed.
    Lokasi
    City and citadel of Aleppo.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Citadel and Great Mosque of Aleppo (both later rebuilt; the mosque was burned in 1260).
    Kubu kota Aleppo Masjid Agung Aleppo
    Sumber

  22. Pertempuran Homs Pertama معركة حمص الأولى

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    Months after Ain Jalut, the princes of Homs and Hama with Mamluk support repelled a returning Mongol army at Homs.

    Pihak terlibat
    Mamluks and Ayyubid emirates of Homs and Hama · Ilkhanate (Mongols)
    Panglima
    al-Ashraf Musa · al-Mansur · Baidu/Baydar (Mongol)
    Kesudahan
    Muslim coalition victory.
    Lokasi
    Near Homs.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Kubu Homs
    Sumber

  23. Pengepungan Krak des Chevaliers حصار قلعة الحصن

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Homs

    Baybars took the Hospitallers' greatest castle after mining a tower and breaking into the outer ward; the defenders capitulated on 8 April 1271. The Mamluks repaired the castle and turned its chapel into a mosque.

    Pihak terlibat
    Mamluk Sultanate · Knights Hospitaller
    Panglima
    Baybars
    Kesudahan
    After 36 days and the collapse of a mined south-west tower, the garrison surrendered (prompted by a forged letter) and was spared.
    Lokasi
    Krak des Chevaliers (Qal'at al-Hisn).
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Castle preserved; Hospitaller chapel converted into a mosque with two mihrabs; Mamluk repairs mainly in the outer ward. UNESCO World Heritage.
    Krak des Chevaliers
    Sumber

  24. Pertempuran Homs Kedua معركة حمص الثانية

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    Sultan Qalawun defeated a large Mongol-led coalition south of Homs, securing Syria for the Mamluks for almost two decades.

    Pihak terlibat
    Mamluk Sultanate · Ilkhanate with Cilician Armenia, Georgia, Rum and Hospitallers
    Panglima
    Qalawun · Möngke Temür (wounded) · Leo II of Armenia · Demetrius II of Georgia
    Kesudahan
    Mamluk victory.
    Lokasi
    South of Homs.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.

    Wikidata Q2726734 carries only city-centre coordinates of Homs (34.7232, 36.7145); not used as battlefield point.

    Sumber

  25. Pengepungan Margat (al-Marqab) حصار قلعة المرقب

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Tartus

    Sultan Qalawun captured the Hospitaller fortress of Margat on the coast in 1285 after mining operations, a further step towards the end of the crusader states.

    Pihak terlibat
    Mamluk Sultanate · Knights Hospitaller
    Panglima
    Qalawun
    Kesudahan
    Mamluk capture; Qalawun had the castle rebuilt and strengthened.
    Lokasi
    Margat castle above Baniyas.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Castle of al-Marqab with Mamluk rebuilding.
    Margat (Kota Marqab)
    Sumber

  26. Pertempuran Wadi al-Khaznadar (Pertempuran Homs Ketiga) معركة وادي الخزندار (معركة حمص الثالثة)

    Kawasan anggaran · Homs

    Ghazan's Mongol army defeated the Mamluks north-east of Homs in 1299 – the only major Mongol field victory over the Mamluks.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ilkhanate with Georgia and Cilician Armenia · Mamluk Sultanate
    Panglima
    Ghazan · al-Nasir Muhammad
    Kesudahan
    Ilkhanid victory; brief Mongol occupation of Damascus in early 1300.
    Lokasi
    Wadi al-Khaznadar, north-east of Homs.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Sumber

  27. Pertempuran Marj al-Saffar (Shaqhab) معركة مرج الصفر (شقحب)

    Kawasan anggaran · Rif Dimashq

    South of Damascus the Mamluks inflicted a heavy defeat on the Mongol army of Qutlugh-Shah. It was the last Mongol attempt to conquer Syria in the field.

    Pihak terlibat
    Mamluk Sultanate · Ilkhanate with Cilician Armenia
    Panglima
    al-Nasir Muhammad · Baybars II · Sayf al-Din Salar · Qutlugh-Shah · Hethum II
    Kesudahan
    Decisive Mamluk victory, ending the Mongol invasions of the Levant. Ibn Taymiyya took part as a religious figure.
    Lokasi
    Plain of Marj al-Saffar near Ghabaghib and Kiswe, c. 40 km south of Damascus.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Sumber

  28. Pengepungan al-Rahba oleh Mongol حصار المغول للرحبة

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Deir ez-Zor

    The Ilkhan Öljaitü besieged the Euphrates fortress of al-Rahba for about a month without success – the last Mongol campaign against Mamluk Syria.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ilkhanate · Mamluk garrison
    Panglima
    Öljaitü
    Kesudahan
    Siege failed; the last Ilkhanid attempt to invade Mamluk Syria.
    Lokasi
    Qal'at al-Rahba near al-Mayadin.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Ruined castle of al-Rahba.
    Sumber

  29. Penjarahan Aleppo oleh Timuriyah اجتياح تيمورلنك لحلب

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Aleppo

    Timur defeated the Mamluk governors before Aleppo and sacked the city; one account tells of a tower of skulls raised outside the walls.

    Pihak terlibat
    Timurid Empire · Mamluk Sultanate
    Panglima
    Timur · Miran Shah · Shah Rukh · Tamardash (governor of Aleppo)
    Kesudahan
    Mamluk army defeated, city sacked; several Mamluk governors captured; Hama, Homs and Baalbek followed.
    Lokasi
    City of Aleppo.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None specific; the citadel and old city were rebuilt later.
    Kubu kota Aleppo
    Sumber

  30. Pengepungan dan penjarahan Damsyik oleh Timuriyah حصار تيمورلنك لدمشق ونهبها

    Tapak diketahui, sisa kelihatan · Damsyik

    Timur occupied Damascus after the Mamluk sultan withdrew; in March 1401 the city burned, including the Umayyad Mosque, and many craftsmen were carried off to Samarkand.

    Pihak terlibat
    Timurid Empire · Mamluk Sultanate
    Panglima
    Timur · al-Nasir Faraj
    Kesudahan
    Timurid victory; Umayyad Mosque and many buildings burned (March 1401); artisans deported to Samarkand.
    Lokasi
    City of Damascus.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Umayyad Mosque (restored after the fire).
    Masjid Agung Damsyik Istana kota Damsyik
    Sumber

  31. Pertempuran Marj Dabiq معركة مرج دابق

    Kawasan anggaran · Aleppo

    North of Aleppo the Ottoman army of Selim I, with artillery and firearms, defeated the Mamluks; Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri died on the field. Syria passed to the Ottomans for four centuries.

    Pihak terlibat
    Ottoman Empire (with Mamluk defectors and the Ma'n) · Mamluk Sultanate
    Panglima
    Selim I · Hadım Sinan Pasha · Khayr Bey (defected) · al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri (died in battle) · Janbirdi al-Ghazali
    Kesudahan
    Ottoman victory; death of Sultan al-Ghawri; Ottoman annexation of Syria (and of Egypt in 1517).
    Lokasi
    Plain of Dabiq, about 44 km north of Aleppo.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    None known.
    Sumber

  32. Pertempuran Maysalun معركة ميسلون

    Kawasan anggaran · Rif Dimashq

    A small Syrian force under War Minister Yusuf al-Azma tried to stop the French advance on Damascus and was defeated within hours; al-Azma was killed. Maysalun became a symbol of Syrian national resistance.

    Pihak terlibat
    France (Army of the Levant) · Arab Kingdom of Syria
    Panglima
    Henri Gouraud · Mariano Goybet · Yusuf al-Azma (killed)
    Kesudahan
    French victory; occupation of Damascus and end of the Arab Kingdom of Syria; beginning of the French Mandate.
    Lokasi
    Khan Maysalun and Wadi al-Qarn in the Anti-Lebanon, about 25 km west of Damascus.
    Apa yang tinggal hari ini
    Grave/memorial of Yusuf al-Azma at Maysalun, visited during the annual commemoration (Wikipedia).

    Local Wikidata dump holds a battle item Q994316 at 33.5956, 36.0647 that is probably Maysalun, but its identity could not be verified; not used.

    Sumber

Hanya dalam garis masa – di luar Syria hari ini

  • Pertempuran Immae 272 ADImmae near Antioch, close to Reyhanlı, Hatay (Turkey).
  • Pertempuran Ajnadayn 30 Julai 634 (Julai/Ogos 634)Commonly located in Palaestina Prima near Bayt Jibrin (between Ramla and Bayt Jibrin), i.e. in historic Palestine, not in today's Syria.

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