SyrienKultur · Tro · Historie
Nødsituation i SyrienHjælp og rejseinfo

Befolkningsgrupper og civilisationer

Syriens befolkningsgrupper og civilisationer – historie, steder og kulturarv

Religiøse steder for alle trossamfund, museerne i alle 14 guvernementer og de slag, der ændrede Syrien – hver med status, dato og kilde.

Befolkningsgrupper og civilisationer 55

Folk, sprog, trosretninger og civilisationer, der har formet Syrien, med de steder, der er knyttet til dem.

Disse kategorier beskriver historie, sprog og tro – ikke eksklusive identiteter. Mange syrere hører til flere af dem, og nogle navne henviser til fortidens civilisationer.

Arabere

عرب ʿArab

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Arabisktalende udgør det store flertal. Arabisk identitet bygger primært på sproget og omfatter flere religioner.

1 dokumenterede steder

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Kurdere

Kurder (کورد); sprog: kurmanji

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Syriens største etniske mindretal, med centrum i Afrin, Kobani og Jazira. De fleste er sunnimuslimer.

3 dokumenterede steder

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Turkmenere (syriske turkmenere)

Türkmen

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Efterkommere af oghuz-tyrkiske bosættere, der primært bor i nord, i Latakia-bjergene, Homs og Golan. Mange taler nu arabisk.

3 dokumenterede steder

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Armeniere

Հայեր Hayer

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Med centrum i Aleppo og for størstedelens vedkommende efterkommere af overlevende fra folkedrabet i 1915; samfundet er skrumpet kraftigt siden 2011.

15 dokumenterede steder

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Assyrere

ܐܬܘܪܝܐ Āthorāyē / ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Sūrāyē

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Primært de nyaramæisktalende kristne i Khabur-dalen, flygtninge fra Irak i 1930'erne.

14 dokumenterede steder

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Syrere (suryoye; også aramæere)

ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Suryoye; nogle også ܐܪܡܝܐ Oromoye (aramæere)

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Syrisk-ortodokse og syrisk-katolske kristne; nogle identificerer sig som aramæere, andre som assyrere.

13 dokumenterede steder

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Kaldæere

ܟܠܕܝܐ Kaldāyē

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Primært medlemmer af Den Kaldæisk-Katolske Kirke; nogle bruger navnet etnisk. Små samfund bor i Aleppo og Jazira.

2 dokumenterede steder

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Cirkassere

Адыгэ Adyghe

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Efterkommere af muslimske flygtninge fra Kaukasus. De fleste blev fordrevet fra Golan i 1967.

4 dokumenterede steder

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Tjetjenere

Нохчий Noxçiy

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Et lille samfund af kaukasiske indvandrere fra det 19. århundrede, knyttet til Ras al-Ayn. Må ikke forveksles med udenlandske krigere efter 2011.

1 dokumenterede steder

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Palæstinensere i Syrien

فلسطينيون Filasṭīniyyūn

Etniske og sproglige grupper

Flygtninge, primært fra 1948, som betjenes af UNRWA; den største lejr er Yarmouk.

0 dokumenterede steder

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Beduiner

بدو badw (ental badawī)

Kulturelle og sociale grupper

Arabisktalende stammer fra stepperne, traditionelt hyrdefolk. De fleste er bofaste, men stammebåndene er stadig vigtige.

1 dokumenterede steder

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Dom

Dom, Dummi, Deman (sprog: domari)

Kulturelle og sociale grupperEtniske og sproglige grupper

Et marginaliseret folk, beslægtet med romaerne, som taler domari. Betegnelser som Nawar anses for nedsættende.

0 dokumenterede steder

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Sunnimuslimer

أهل السنة والجماعة (Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jamāʿa)

Trossamfund

Det store flertal, herunder arabere, kurdere og cirkassere.

16 dokumenterede steder

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Tolvershiitiske muslimer

الشيعة الإمامية (al-Shīʿa al-Imāmiyya)

Trossamfund

Et lille mindretal. I Damaskus ligger de store helligdomme for Sayyida Zaynab og Ruqayya.

10 dokumenterede steder

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Alawitter

العلويون (al-ʿAlawiyyūn); den ældre fremmedbetegnelse Nusayri (نصيري) bruges nu ofte som skældsord

Trossamfund

Et trossamfund, der fører sin lære tilbage til Ibn Nusayr og al-Khasibi, dominerende i kystbjergene.

2 dokumenterede steder

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Ismailitter

الإسماعيلية (al-Ismāʿīliyya)

Trossamfund

Koncentreret i Salamiyah og kystbjergene. De fleste følger Aga Khan.

11 dokumenterede steder

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Drusere

الموحدون (al-Muwaḥḥidūn, 'monoteister')

Trossamfund

Et lukket samfund, opstået af ismailitisk lære omkring 1017. De udgør flertallet i As-Suwayda.

4 dokumenterede steder

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Murshidier (Murshidiyya)

المرشديون (al-Murshidiyyūn)

Trossamfund

Et samfund dannet i 1920'erne omkring Salman al-Murshid, en alawitisk udløber, der blev selvstændig.

0 dokumenterede steder

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Syriens kristne

Trossamfund

Kristendommen her går tilbage til apostlenes tid. Antallet er faldet kraftigt siden 2011.

9 dokumenterede steder

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Syrisk-ortodokse kristne

ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (Suryoye) – standardgengivelse, ikke verificeret i en hentet kilde

Trossamfund

Syriens største orientalsk-ortodokse kirke, med sæde i Damaskus siden 1959.

6 dokumenterede steder

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Armensk apostolske kristne

Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի (Hay Arakʿelakan Ekeghetsʿi)

Trossamfund

Den næststørste orientalsk-ortodokse kirke, primært i Aleppo. IS ødelagde dens mindekirke i Deir ez-Zor i 2014.

6 dokumenterede steder

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Syrisk-katolikker

Trossamfund

En østkatolsk kirke af vestsyrisk ritus, med kulturarvssteder som Deir Mar Musa.

5 dokumenterede steder

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Maronitter

Trossamfund

Et lille katolsk samfund af syrisk ritus, historisk omkring Aleppo.

2 dokumenterede steder

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Kaldæisk-katolikker

Trossamfund

En østsyrisk katolsk kirke i Syrien siden det 16. århundrede, med et eparki i Aleppo fra 1957.

2 dokumenterede steder

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Østens Assyriske Kirke

Trossamfund

Næsten alle sureth-talende assyrere i Khabur-dalen, efterkommere af flygtninge efter 1933.

13 dokumenterede steder

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Yazidier

Êzidî

Trossamfund

Kurmanji-talende trossamfund, der ærer Malak Ta'us, Påfugleenglen, og Sheikh Adi. Tidligere primært i landsbyer i Afrin (STJ opregner 23); de fleste bor nu i nordøst.

25 dokumenterede steder

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Syriske jøder

Musta'arabim (indfødte mizrahi-jøder) og sefardim

Trossamfund

Jøder har boet i Syrien siden oldtiden (synagogen i Dura-Europos, 244 e.Kr.), primært i Damaskus og Aleppo. Næsten alle rejste efter 1948 og 1992; kun få er tilbage.

12 dokumenterede steder

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Mandæere

Trossamfund

Irakisk trossamfund; mange flygtede til Syrien efter 2003. Omkring 1.000 blev rapporteret at være der i 2015.

0 dokumenterede steder

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Eblaitter (Ebla)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Ebla (Tell Mardikh) dominerede det nordlige Syrien omkring 2600–2240 f.Kr.; arkivet rummede omkring 20.000 kileskrifttavler. En historisk civilisation.

3 dokumenterede steder

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Amoritter

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Semitisktalende folk, dominerende omkring 2000–1600 f.Kr., med syriske kongeriger i Mari, Qatna, Aleppo og Tell Leilan. Et historisk folk.

7 dokumenterede steder

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Akkadere (tilstedeværelse i Syrien)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Det akkadiske rige beherskede det nordøstlige Syrien omkring 2300–2100 f.Kr., ved Tell Brak og Tell Leilan. Et historisk rige.

3 dokumenterede steder

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Hurritter og Mitanni

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Hurritterne grundlagde bystater ved den øvre Khabur, især Urkesh; Mitanni-riget havde senere sit centrum der. Historiske folk.

5 dokumenterede steder

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Fønikere (Arwad og Amrit)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Arwad, en ø ud for Tartus, var en fønikisk sømagt, der herskede over Amrit på fastlandet med dets klippehugne tempel og tårngrave. En historisk civilisation.

4 dokumenterede steder

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Aramæere (aramæiske kongeriger)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Aramæisktalende stammer grundlagde kongeriger over hele Syrien fra det 11. århundrede f.Kr. Assyrien havde erobret dem i 720 f.Kr., men aramæisk bredte sig vidt. Nutidens aramæisktalende behandles andetsteds.

7 dokumenterede steder

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Hellenistiske grækere og seleukider

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Seleukos I grundlagde sit rige i 312 f.Kr. I Syrien grundlagde riget Apameia, Dura-Europos og Raqqa. Et historisk dynasti.

5 dokumenterede steder

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Nabatæere

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Det nabatæiske kongerige nåede op til Hauran, med Bosra som nordlig hovedstad, og havde kortvarigt Damaskus. Rom annekterede det i 106 e.Kr.

3 dokumenterede steder

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Romere (det romerske Syrien og Arabia)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Syrien blev romersk i 63 f.Kr.; Bosra blev hovedstad i Arabia efter 106 e.Kr. Rom efterlod teatre, templer og søjlegange.

8 dokumenterede steder

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Palmyrenere

TDMR / TDMWR (Tadmor)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Palmyra, en oaseby, blev rig på karavanehandel og havde kortvarigt et imperium under Zenobia, før Rom jævnede den med jorden i 273.

12 dokumenterede steder

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Byzantinere (det østromerske Syrien)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Senantikkens Syrien var byzantinsk og overvejende kristent og efterlod De Døde Byer og Sankt Simeons kirke. Den arabiske erobring gjorde en ende på det i 634–638.

9 dokumenterede steder

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Ghassanider (jafnider)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Arabisk-kristent stammeforbund allieret med Byzans, med hovedstad i Jabiyah i Golan. Et historisk folk.

2 dokumenterede steder

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Ayyubider og mamelukker

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Saladins ayyubider herskede over det meste af Syrien fra slutningen af det 12. århundrede; mamelukkerne fulgte fra 1260 til 1516. Deres citadeller og madrasaer præger Damaskus og Aleppo.

12 dokumenterede steder

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Osmannere (det osmanniske Syrien)

Civilisationer og historiske folkhistorisk

Osmannerne erobrede Syrien i 1516 og beholdt det indtil Første Verdenskrig. UNESCO bemærker, at det meste af det gamle Damaskus stammer fra tiden efter erobringen.

10 dokumenterede steder

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Udforsk stederne 246

Et sted kan høre til flere grupper. Filtrer efter gruppe, guvernement, periode eller type.

Hvem er begravet her? – grad af sikkerhed

Ikke enhver helligdom er en grav. Hvert sted er klassificeret efter det, kilderne kan underbygge; der bruges ingen procenter.

Begravelse historisk bekræftet 8

Begravelse tilskrevet ifølge traditionen 12

Omstridt begravelse 16

Kulturarvssted, ikke en grav (108)

Alle trossamfunds religiøse kulturarv 121 poster

Status kun med dateret kilde. Påstande med kun én kilde forbliver »ubekræftet«. Følsomme steder nævnes, men markeres ikke på kortet.

Hvem er begravet her? – og hvor sikkert er det

Ingen profetgrav i Syrien er arkæologisk påvist. Helligdomme er mærket med det evidensniveau, kilderne understøtter.

  • Arkæologisk påvist 0
  • Historisk dokumenteret 10
  • Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen 28
  • Uafklaret lokal tradition 23

Islamisk (sunni, shia, sufi) 43 poster

Umayyade-moskeen جامع بني أمية الكبير

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Damascus, Damaskus

Great congregational mosque of Damascus built by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I on the site of a Roman temple and Byzantine cathedral.

706-715 CE (al-Walid I) on the site of the Basilica of St John the Baptist and a Roman temple

Kilde til status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) – Historic fire/earthquake damage 1069-1893; no civil-war damage reported by the source.

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Profeten Yahyas (Johannes Døberens) helligdom, Umayyade-moskeen مقام النبي يحيى

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (also venerated by Christians) · shrine (maqam) within mosque · Damascus, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Domed shrine inside the prayer hall of the Umayyad Mosque, traditionally held to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya).

Kilde til status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30) (Umayyad Mosque)

Kilder

Den Store Moské i Aleppo (Umayyade-moskeen i Aleppo) جامع حلب الكبير

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-11-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Aleppo, Aleppo

Aleppo's great mosque, founded under the Umayyads; its Seljuk minaret of 1090 collapsed in fighting in April 2013.

early 8th c. (Sulayman, r. 715-717); present fabric mainly 11th-14th c.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo: seriously damaged 13 Oct 2012; minaret (1090) reduced to rubble 24 Apr 2013; restoration from c. 2017; reopened for Ramadan March 2025; reconstruction resumed 30 Nov 2025 – Under reconstruction; minaret destroyed 2013 (perpetrator disputed between sources).

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Profeten Zakariyas (Zakarias') helligdom, Den Store Moské i Aleppo مقام النبي زكريا

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-11-30

Sunni Islam · shrine within mosque · Aleppo, Aleppo

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb chamber in the maqsura of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, held by tradition to contain remains of Zechariah, father of John the Baptist.

Kilde til status: Status of the host mosque (under reconstruction); shrine-specific condition not documented in the source

Kilder

Khalid ibn al-Walid-moskeen جامع خالد بن الوليد

Restaureret

Sunni Islam · mosque and mausoleum · Homs, Homs

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Ottoman-era mosque (1912) in Homs built around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the Companion and general Khalid ibn al-Walid.

mausoleum mosque under Baybars 1265 (restored 1291); present Ottoman building completed 1912

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque: tomb damaged by shelling, heavy damage after July 2013; repaired and reopened with funding from Ramzan Kadyrov (date not given) – Restoration date not stated in source.

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Kilder

Al-Nuri-storemoskeen (Homs) جامع النوري

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Homs, Homs

Main mosque of old Homs, built largely under Nur ad-Din on the site of the temple of El-Gabal and a later church of St John.

largely 1146-1174 (Nur ad-Din); site of temple of El-Gabal and Byzantine church of St John

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: active mosque; restoration work 2016

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Kilder

Al-Omari-moskeen (Daraa) الجامع العمري

Beskadiget

Sunni Islam · mosque · Daraa al-Balad, Daraa

Early mosque of Daraa al-Balad, focal point of the 2011 protests, traditionally dated to the conquest period.

founded 636 CE (attributed to Caliph Umar)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Daraa): 'bombarded during the Syrian civil war'; listed active after renovation – Source gives no date for the bombardment; renovation reported. Minaret destruction (2013) is widely reported but was not confirmed in the consulted source.

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Kilder

Al-Omari-moskeen (Bosra) الجامع العمري في بصرى

Beskadiget · pr. 2014

Sunni Islam · mosque · Bosra, Daraa

One of the oldest surviving mosques in Syria, within the UNESCO-listed Ancient City of Bosra.

Umayyad, completed 721 CE (Yazid II) per source; Ayyubid renovations 12th-13th c.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Omari_Mosque_(Bosra): lightly damaged 2012-2014, shell hole in roof 2014; List of mosques in Syria: 'substantially destroyed c. 2012' – Sources conflict on extent (light damage vs. substantial destruction); infobox says renovated.

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Kilder

Tekkiye-moskeen / Sulaymaniyya Takiyya التكية السليمانية

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Ottoman; Sufi lodge complex) · mosque and tekke complex · Damascus, Damaskus

Ottoman complex by Mimar Sinan for Sultan Suleiman, with mosque, hospice (tekke) and madrasa on the Barada; the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI is buried in its cemetery.

mosque 1554/55-1558/59 (design Mimar Sinan, for Suleiman I); madrasa 1566-67

Kilde til status: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

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Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adhams moské مسجد السلطان إبراهيم بن أدهم (سوريا)

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Sufi saint shrine) · mosque and shrine · Jableh, Latakia

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Mosque in Jableh around the tomb traditionally ascribed to the 8th-century Sufi ascetic Ibrahim ibn Adham.

shrine Seljuk; mosque Mamluk; domes Ottoman (infobox c. 785 CE)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Saladins mausoleum ضريح صلاح الدين الأيوبي

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Damascus (beside the Umayyad Mosque), Damaskus

Historisk dokumenteret

Ayyubid mausoleum next to the Umayyad Mosque holding Saladin's wooden sarcophagus and a marble cenotaph donated in 1898.

1196; renovated 1898 (marble cenotaph of Abdulhamid II, Wilhelm II)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia (no damage reported)

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Sayyida Zaynab-helligdommen مقام السيدة زينب في الشام

Står · pr. 2024-12

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Sayyida Zaynab, Rif Dimashq

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Major Twelver Shia pilgrimage shrine south of Damascus, venerated as the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali.

present building 1990/1991

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyidah_Zaynab_Mosque: bombings near the shrine 2008, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2023 (casualties, no structural destruction reported) – Security situation changed after Dec 2024; no damage to the shrine building reported in the source.

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Sayyida Ruqayya-helligdommen مقام رقية بنت الحسين

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Damascus (old city), Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Shia shrine in old Damascus venerated as the tomb of Ruqayya, young daughter of Husayn ibn Ali.

mosque built around mausoleum 1985

Kilde til status: Wikipedia (active pilgrimage site)

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Nabi Habil-moskeen (profeten Abel) مسجد النبي هابيل

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Islam (tradition not specified in source) · mosque and shrine · near Zabadani / Wadi Barada, Rif Dimashq

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Hilltop mosque above Wadi Barada built in 1599 around a tomb traditionally identified as that of Abel, son of Adam.

1599 (Ottoman wali Ahmad Pasha)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia infobox 'active' (retrieved 2026-10-30)

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården مقبرة الباب الصغير

Ubekræftet

Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam · cemetery with shrines · Damascus, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Historic cemetery south-west of Bab al-Saghir with mausolea attributed to Companions (Bilal ibn Rabah, Ubayy ibn Ka'b) and women of the Prophet's family.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Bilal ibn Rabah (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) مقام بلال الحبشي

Ubekræftet

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb attributed to Bilal ibn Rabah in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) مقام أم كلثوم

Ubekræftet

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb attributed to Umm Kulthum bint Ali in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Sukayna bint al-Husayns grav (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) مقام السيدة سكينة

Ubekræftet

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Historisk dokumenteret

Tomb of Sukayna bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) مقام فاطمة الصغرى

Ubekræftet

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb attributed to Fatima al-Sughra bint al-Husayn in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (Karbala-martyrernes hoveder) (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) مقام رؤوس الشهداء

Ubekræftet

Twelver Shia Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Maqam Ru'us al-Shuhada (heads of the martyrs of Karbala) in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Asma bint Umays (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) قبر أسماء بنت عميس

Ubekræftet

Shia and Sunni Islam · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb attributed to Asma bint Umays in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Ubayy ibn Ka'b (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) قبر أبي بن كعب

Ubekræftet

Sunni Islam (Companion) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb attributed to Ubayy ibn Ka'b in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Grav tilskrevet Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Bab al-Saghir-kirkegården) قبر معاوية بن أبي سفيان

Ubekræftet

Sunni Islam (Umayyad caliph) · tomb / maqam · Damascus, Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Burial attributed to Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery of Damascus.

Kilder

Uwais al-Qarni-moskeen / Ammar ibn Yasirs og Uways al-Qaranis helligdom مسجد أويس القرني

Ødelagt · pr. 2014

Twelver Shia Islam (shrine of Companions venerated also by Sunnis) · shrine-mosque · Raqqa, Raqqa

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Modern shrine complex in Raqqa over tombs ascribed to Ammar ibn Yasir and Uways al-Qarani, blown up by IS in 2014.

1988-2003 (Syrian-Iranian project)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque: blown up by Islamic State (26 March or 31 May 2014 - sources differ); 'awaiting reconstruction' as of 2026

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Kilder

Mashhad al-Nuqta (al-Nuqtah-moskeen / Mashhad al-Muhsin) مسجد النقطة

Restaureret · pr. 2017

Shia Islam · shrine-mosque (mashhad) · Aleppo (Jabal Jawshan), Aleppo

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Shia shrine on Jabal Jawshan in Aleppo around a stone said to bear a drop of blood from the head of Husayn.

944 CE (plaque: converted from a monastery)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque: closed 2012-2016 (Battle of Aleppo); reopened 2017

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Hujr ibn Adis helligdom مقام حجر بن عدي

Restaureret · pr. 2025

Twelver Shia Islam · shrine-mosque · Adra, Rif Dimashq

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Shrine in Adra over the tomb ascribed to Hujr ibn Adi, Companion executed in 660; desecrated in 2013 and later rebuilt.

Ayyubid mosque around the tomb; renovated 1205

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujr_ibn_Adi: desecrated by Jabhat al-Nusra 2 May 2013 (exhumation claims debunked); rebuilt and reopened after Dec 2024

Kilder

Imam al-Nawawis grav ضريح الإمام النووي

Ødelagt · pr. 2015-01

Sunni Islam (Shafi'i) · tomb · Nawa, Daraa

Historisk dokumenteret

Tomb of the Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar al-Nawawi in his home town Nawa, demolished in January 2015.

13th c. (al-Nawawi d. 1277)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawawi citing Al Jazeera 8 Jan 2015 (demolished by al-Nusra fighters)

Kilder

Kalif Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz' grav ضريح الخليفة عمر بن عبد العزيز

Restaureret · pr. 2020-06-08

Sunni Islam · mausoleum · Deir Sharqi (near Maarat al-Numan), Idlib

Historisk dokumenteret

Mausoleum at Deir Sharqi near Maarat al-Numan venerated as the tomb of the Umayyad caliph Umar II (d. 720); burned and vandalised in 2020.

Kilde til status: STJ 2021: burned c. 24-28 Jan 2020 during government offensive, further vandalism May 2020; renovated by the Syrian Ministry of Awqaf (photos by 8 June 2020)

Kilder

Helligdom tilskrevet Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari مقام جابر بن عبد الله الأنصاري

Beskadiget · pr. 2016-03

Islam (tradition not specified) · shrine · al-Ziyara (al-Ghab plain), Hama

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Local shrine in al-Ziyara in the Ghab plain believed to be that of the Companion Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari.

Kilde til status: STJ 2021: vandalised, partially destroyed and looted by Turkistan Islamic Party fighters, March 2016

Kilder

Nabi Huris moské og helligdom (Kyrrhos) مسجد النبي هوري

Restaureret · pr. 2020

Sunni Islam (Sufi shrine) · mosque and shrine in Roman tower tomb · Cyrrhus (Nabi Huri), Afrin region, Aleppo

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Ottoman-Mamluk mosque and Sufi shrine at ancient Cyrrhus built against a Roman hexagonal tower tomb.

mosque 1314 (per list); shrine in a Roman hexagonal tower tomb

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: damaged 2018, restored 2020; Bellingcat 2019: ransacking reported March 2018, extent unconfirmed

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Suleyman Shahs grav ضريح سليمان شاه

Restaureret · pr. 2015-02-22

Sunni Islam (Ottoman/Turkish memorial; Turkish-controlled site) · mausoleum · Ashme (Esme), c. 22 km west of Kobani (since Feb 2015), Aleppo

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Tomb venerated as that of Suleyman Shah, ancestor of the Ottoman dynasty; relocated twice (1973, 2015).

at Qal'at Ja'bar 1236-1973; Qara Qozak 1973-2015; Ashme since 21-22 Feb 2015

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah: remains moved and old mausoleum at Qara Qozak demolished 21-22 Feb 2015; new tomb at Ashme under Turkish military control ('temporary' relocation) – 'restored' = re-erected at a new site; the former Qara Qozak mausoleum was demolished. DB coordinates (36.879, 38.106) appear to be the former Qara Qozak site - verify.

Kilder

Khusrawiyya-moskeen (og madrasa) المدرسة الخسروية

Ødelagt · pr. 2014-08

Sunni Islam · mosque-madrasa · Aleppo, Aleppo

Early Ottoman mosque-madrasa complex below the Citadel of Aleppo, destroyed in 2014.

1547 (first Ottoman mosque of Aleppo, attributed to Mimar Sinan)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: entirely destroyed August 2014

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Kilder

Den Store Moské i Sarmin

Beskadiget · pr. 2023-10

Sunni Islam · congregational mosque · Sarmin, Idlib

Medieval congregational mosque of Sarmin, significantly damaged in October 2023.

1259

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria: significantly damaged October 2023

Kilder

Muhyiddin Ibn Arabis moské og grav جامع الشيخ محيي الدين بن عربي

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam (Sufi) · mosque and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Salihiyya, Mount Qasiyun), Damaskus

Historisk dokumenteret

Mosque at Salihiyya on Mount Qasiyun around the tomb of the Andalusian Sufi master Ibn Arabi (d. 1240).

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi (tomb pictured; condition not described)

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Al-Zahiriyya-madrasaen (Baybars' mausoleum) المدرسة الظاهرية

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Sunni Islam · madrasa and mausoleum · Damascus (al-Amara, near the Umayyad Mosque), Damaskus

Historisk dokumenteret

Mamluk funerary madrasa of Sultan Baybars in Damascus, later home of the Zahiriyya public library (opened 1880-81).

1277-c.1281

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_Library (portal and mausoleum best-preserved parts; current condition not described)

Kilder

Kristen 33 poster

Vor Frue af Saidnaya-klosteret دير سيدة صيدنايا

Beskadiget

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · monastery and pilgrimage shrine · Saidnaya, Rif Dimashq

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Greek Orthodox convent and Marian pilgrimage shrine with the Shaghoura icon, traditionally founded by Justinian in 547.

traditionally founded 547 (Justinian I)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya_Monastery: 'damaged during the Syrian civil war' (no date)

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Mar Elian-klosteret, al-Qaryatayn دير مار إليان

Restaureret · pr. 2022

Syriac Catholic · monastery · al-Qaryatayn, Homs

Historisk dokumenteret

5th-century monastery holding the relics of Mar Elian, bulldozed by IS in August 2015 and later rebuilt by its community.

5th c.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_St._Elian: destroyed by IS 21 Aug 2015; relics recovered after April 2016; rebuilt incl. crypt and church, relics returned ('since 2022')

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Sankt Marias Kirke af Det Hellige Bælte (Umm al-Zunnar), Homs كنيسة أم الزنار

Restaureret · pr. 2014

Syriac Orthodox · cathedral · Homs (Bustan al-Diwan), Homs

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Syriac Orthodox cathedral of Homs keeping a relic venerated as the belt of the Virgin Mary; damaged 2012 and restored.

tradition 59 CE; present building 1852

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_al-Zennar_Church: extensive damage 2011-2012; restored, liturgy celebrated again 2014

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Sankt Ananias' Kapel كنيسة حنانيا

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Catholic (custody not stated in source; DB tradition: Maronite) · underground chapel · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Underground chapel near Bab Sharqi venerated as the house of Ananias, where Saul (Paul) was baptised.

Byzantine church remains 5th-6th c. (excavations 1921)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia (no damage reported; condition not described)

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Den Mariamitiske Katedral i Damaskus الكنيسة المريمية

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Greek Orthodox (seat of the Patriarchate of Antioch since 1342) · cathedral · Damascus (Bab Sharqi), Damaskus

Patriarchal cathedral of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, rebuilt after the 1860 riots.

late 4th c. church; burned 1860, rebuilt c. 1863; renovated 1953

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus (active)

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Mar Elias-kirken, Dweila (Damaskus)

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-06-22

Greek Orthodox (Patriarchate of Antioch) · church · Dweila, Damaskus

Greek Orthodox parish church in Dweila, Damascus, struck by a suicide bombing on 22 June 2025.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Elias_Church_attack: suicide bombing during liturgy, pews destroyed, iconostasis collapsed; at least 30 killed

Kilder

De Fyrretyve Martyrers Armenske Katedral, Aleppo (al-Jdayde) كاتدرائية الأربعين شهيدا

Restaureret · pr. 2019-03-31

Armenian Apostolic · cathedral · Aleppo (al-Jdayde), Aleppo

Armenian Apostolic cathedral in Aleppo's Jdayde quarter, damaged in 2015 and reconsecrated in 2019.

present building completed 1491

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral: compound partly destroyed 28 Apr 2015; reconstruction completed and reconsecrated 31 Mar 2019

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Simeon Stylites' Kirke (Qal'at Sim'an) دير سمعان

Beskadiget · pr. 2016-05

Early Byzantine Christianity (passed to Miaphysites 638) · pilgrimage church complex (ruin) · Mount Simeon, Aleppo

Historisk dokumenteret

Monumental cruciform church around the pillar of Simeon Stylites, part of the UNESCO 'Ancient Villages of Northern Syria'; damaged in 2016.

built around Simeon's pillar after 459, completed c. 490

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites: Russian air attack May 2016 damaged pillar and ruins; earlier damage from fighting and stone removal

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Kirken i Qalb Loze قلب لوزة

Restaureret · pr. 2022

Early Byzantine Christianity (5th c.) · basilica (ruin) · Qalb Loze (Jabal al-Summaq), Idlib

Well-preserved 5th-century basilica in a Druze village of Jabal al-Summaq, part of the UNESCO Ancient Villages of Northern Syria.

460s CE

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_Loze: used as livestock stable 2014-2016; debris cleared and floor parts restored 2022

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Husmenigheden i Dura-Europos (lokalitet) كنيسة دورا أوروبوس

Ødelagt · pr. 2014

Early Christianity · house church (ruin) · Dura-Europos (Salhiyah), Deir ez-Zor

Earliest identified Christian house church; its baptistery frescoes were removed in the 1930s and are now at Yale University Art Gallery (relocated object, not the site).

house c. 232/233; church c. 240/241; abandoned 256

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church: fate after IS occupation unknown, 'assumed to have been destroyed' – Assumed, not confirmed - treat with caution.

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Kilder

Sankt Fokas' Kirke, Basufan

Ubekræftet

Early Byzantine Christianity · basilica (ruin) · Basufan, Aleppo

Ruined 5th-century basilica dedicated to St Phocas in the Yazidi village of Basufan.

491-492 (inscription)

Kilder

Martyrernes Armensk-Katolske Kirke, Raqqa كنيسة الشهداء

Beskadiget

Armenian Catholic · church · Raqqa, Raqqa

Armenian Catholic church in Raqqa, torched and used by IS during its occupation of the city.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly: torched by IS, cross removed (date not given); Syriac Press 2024: used as IS court, then 'completely destroyed' – Sources differ on extent.

Kilder

Vor Frue Hensovelses Kirke (al-Jdayde, Aleppo) كنيسة رقاد السيدة العذراء

Ubekræftet

Greek Orthodoxy (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Aleppo

Kilder

Den Melkitiske Jomfru Maria-katedral (al-Jdayde, Aleppo) كاتدرائية السيدة للروم الكاثوليك

Ubekræftet

Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · Aleppo

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Den Armenske Guds Hellige Moders Kirke (al-Jdayde, Aleppo) كنيسة السيدة العذراء مريم (حلب)

Ubekræftet

Armenian Apostolic Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Aleppo

Kilder

Sankt Ephrems Syrisk-Ortodokse Katedral, Aleppo كاتدرائية مار أفرام السرياني

Ubekræftet

Syriac Orthodox Church (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · Aleppo

Kilder

Assyrisk / syriakisk og oldtidens tells 29 poster

Sankt Marias Kirke (Mart Maryam), Tell Nasri

Ødelagt · pr. 2015-04

Assyrian Church of the East (per Wikidata P140 in atlas DB) · church · Tell Nasri (Khabur), Al-Hasakah

Assyrian village church on the Khabur blown up by IS during its 2015 occupation of the Tell Tamr villages.

Kilde til status: Syriac Press 2024 ('demolished by ISIS ... Easter morning' 2015); Armenian Assembly list (destroyed by ISIS); Assyrian Policy Institute 2020 (photo after destruction)

Kilder

Mar Rabban Pithyon-kirken (Raban Pityou / 'Sankt Rabban Theo'), Tell Hormizd

Ødelagt · pr. 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Hormizd (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly (destroyed) + Syriac Press 2024 (destroyed) – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Kilder

Qabr Shamiya-kirken (Sankt Qoryaqos ifølge Armenian Assembly; 'Sankt Georg' ifølge Syriac Press)

Ødelagt · pr. 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Qabr Shamiya (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly + Syriac Press 2024 (both: destroyed); dedication differs between sources – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Kilder

Sankt Bishu-kirken, Tell Shamiram

Ødelagt · pr. 2015

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Shamiram (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly ('leveled by ISIS; cross still standing') – IS occupation of the Khabur villages Feb-May 2015.

Kilder

Sankt Johannes-kirken, Tell Jazirah

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Jazirah (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Sleewa-kirken (Hellig Kors), Tell Talaa

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Talaa (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Shimun-kirken, Abu Tina

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Abu Tina (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Shimon-kirken, Tell Baloaa

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Baloaa (Tell Balouet) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Shimun-kirken, Kharita

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · al-Kharita (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Qoryaqos-kirken, Tell Maghada

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Maghada (al-Makhada) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly lists as destroyed (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Sankt Odisho-kirken, Tell Tal

Ubekræftet

Assyrian (Khabur villages; denomination not verified per church) · church · Tell Tal (Taal) (Khabur, Tell Tamr area), Al-Hasakah

Village church of the Assyrian Khabur villages near Tell Tamr, reported destroyed/damaged during the 2015 IS occupation.

Kilde til status: Armenian Assembly: 'bombed by ISIS' (single source) – Single-source claim; kept unconfirmed.

Kilder

Kirker på landet omkring Qamishli (Zalin): Mar Melki (Gardouka), Jomfru Maria (Tel Jehan), Jomfru Maria (Zalin)

Ubekræftet

Syriac Christian (denominations not stated in source) · churches · Qamishli countryside, Al-Hasakah

Three village churches near Qamishli reported bombed or damaged during the war.

Kilde til status: Syriac Press 2024 reports bombing/damage (single source, undated)

Kilder

Mor Ephrem Syrerens Kloster, Maarat Saidnaya (Det Syrisk-Ortodokse Patriarkat) دير مار أفرام السرياني

Ubekræftet

Syriac Orthodox · monastery / patriarchal seat · Maarat Saidnaya, Rif Dimashq

Syriac Orthodox monastery at Maarat Saidnaya, seat of the patriarchate (identification per Wikidata label in atlas DB).

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Qenneshre-klosteret دير قنسرين

Ubekræftet

Syriac Orthodox (historic centre of Syriac learning) · monastery (ruin/historic) · Aleppo

Historic monastery on the Euphrates, an important centre of Syriac Greek learning in late antiquity (DB record).

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Tell Brak (det antikke Nagar) تل براك

Beskadiget · pr. 2015

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Major tell in the Khabur basin, ancient Nagar, with the Late Chalcolithic Eye Temple and an Akkadian palace of Naram-Sin.

c. 6500 BCE - 224 CE (Proto-Hassuna to Parthian/Roman); Eye Temple (Late Chalcolithic, LC3)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: excavation camp looted after 2011; site changed hands (IS/Kurdish forces, Kurdish control early 2015)

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Tell Leilan (Shekhna / Shubat-Enlil) تل ليلان

Ubekræftet

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Tell in the upper Khabur, capital of Shamshi-Adad I under the name Shubat-Enlil, with a temple acropolis.

c. 5000 BCE village; city c. 2600 BCE; Akkadian Shekhna; capital of Shamshi-Adad I as Shubat-Enlil (c. 1809-1776 BCE); sacked 1726 BCE

Kilde til status: No war-time information in the source

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Tell Mozan (Urkesh) تل موزان

Står

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Hurrian city of Urkesh with a monumental temple terrace and the underground ritual structure (abi).

c. 2500 - c. 1350 BCE (Hurrian city; Mitanni religious site); temple terrace and bent-axis temple; abi (necromantic pit)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: excavations suspended since 2011; site protected by local workers, conservation continues

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Tell Halaf (Guzana)

Ubekræftet

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Type site of the Neolithic Halaf culture and later the Aramaean capital Guzana with the hilani palace of Kapara.

Halaf culture c. 6100-5400 BCE; Aramaean Guzana (Bit Bahiani) from 10th c. BCE; Assyrian province from 808 BCE; Assyrian-style cult room in lower town

Kilde til status: No civil-war information in the source

Kilder

Tell Fekheriye (Sikani) تل الفخيرية

Ubekræftet

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Tell near Ras al-Ayn, Assyrian Sikani, find-spot of the bilingual Akkadian-Aramaic inscription of Hadad-yith'i.

Neolithic; Middle Assyrian Dunnu (13th c. BCE); Neo-Assyrian Sikani; Roman-Byzantine; find-spot of the Akkadian-Aramaic bilingual inscription (Hadad-yith'i); proposed but unconfirmed Washukanni

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: 'in ruins'; no war-time information

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Tell Beydar (Nabada) تل بيدر

Ubekræftet

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Al-Hasakah

Early Bronze Age city of Nabada in the Kingdom of Nagar, with five temples in its centre.

c. 2900-2100 BCE (Early Dynastic-Akkadian), later Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic; five temples A-E (mid-3rd millennium)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: 'in ruins', encroaching domestic construction

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Tell Ahmar (Til Barsip / Masuwari / Kar-Shalmaneser) تل برسيب

Ubekræftet

Ancient Mesopotamian / Hurrian / Aramaean / Assyrian (multi-period archaeological site) · archaeological site (tell) with cult buildings · Aleppo

Euphrates tell, capital of Bit Adini and later the Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser, with stelae attesting the storm-god cult.

Neolithic; Early Bronze III-IV city and hypogeum; Luwian Masuwari; Aramaean Bit Adini capital; Neo-Assyrian Kar-Shalmaneser from 856 BCE; Luwian stele of Tarhunzas (c. 900 BCE)

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: in ruins; no war-time information

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Sankt Josefs Kirke, Qamishli كاتدرائية القديس يوسف

Ubekræftet

Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · church · Al-Hasakah

Kilder

Vor Frue Katedral (Østens Assyriske Kirke), Hasakah كاتدرائية السيدة العذراء

Ubekræftet

Assyrian Church of the East (Wikidata P140 via atlas DB) · cathedral · Al-Hasakah

Kilder

Jødisk 10 poster

Synagogen i Dura-Europos (arkæologisk lokalitet) كنيس دورا أوروبوس

Ødelagt · pr. 2014

Judaism (ancient) · synagogue (archaeological site) · Dura-Europos, Deir ez-Zor

Site of the 3rd-century synagogue of Dura-Europos; the remaining walls on site appear to have been destroyed during IS occupation.

final phase 244 CE (Aramaic inscription); discovered 1932

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue: remaining structure 'appears to have been destroyed, possibly in 2014' during IS occupation – 'appears' - not fully confirmed.

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Kilder

Synagogen i Dura-Europos: vægmalerier og forsamlingssal (rekonstrueret, Damaskus' Nationalmuseum)

Ubekræftet

Judaism (ancient) · relocated object (museum installation) · Damascus, National Museum, Damaskus

The synagogue's figurative wall paintings, reassembled in their original arrangement inside the National Museum of Damascus.

244 CE

Kilder

Aleppos Centralsynagoge كنيس حلب المركزي

Beskadiget · pr. 2023-02

Judaism (Mizrahi/Musta'arabi) · synagogue · Aleppo (Bahsita), Aleppo

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Ancient synagogue of Aleppo where the Aleppo Codex was kept for over 500 years; inactive and under restoration.

possibly 5th c.; oldest inscription 834 CE

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo: burned 1947; rebuilt 1990-1992; damaged 2011-2015 and by 2023 earthquake; restoration ongoing

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Jobar-synagogen (Eliyahu Hanavi) كنيس جوبر

Ødelagt · pr. 2014-05

Judaism · synagogue · Jobar, Damaskus

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Ancient synagogue at Jobar associated by tradition with the prophet Elijah; largely demolished in 2014, restoration planned.

at least medieval (plaque claim of 720 BCE incorrect)

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue: mortar damage 2013; most of the structure demolished May 2014 (cause disputed); restoration project with private funds

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Det jødiske kvarter i Damaskus (Harat al-Yahud) حارة اليهود في دمشق

Står · pr. 2020

Judaism · historic quarter · Damascus old city, Damaskus

South-eastern quarter of old Damascus, historic home of the Jewish community with the Menarsha, Racqy and Elfrange synagogues.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus: largely abandoned; Menarsha and Racqy synagogues standing unused; Elfrange renovated 2019

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Den gamle jødiske kirkegård i Damaskus

Ødelagt

Judaism · cemetery · Damascus (south of the old city wall), Damaskus

Historic Jewish cemetery south of the old city of Damascus, largely built over by the airport highway.

Kilde til status: Wikipedia: built over by the airport highway; BBC 2013 (via Wikipedia) reports demolition of the largest Jewish cemetery – Extent of surviving parts unknown.

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Løfternes helligdom (Mashhad al-Du'a), Aleppo

Ubekræftet

Judaism (shared with Christians and Muslims) · pilgrimage site · Aleppo (outside the northern gate), Aleppo

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Historic pilgrimage site outside Aleppo's northern gate shared by Jews, Christians and Muslims.

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Ismailitisk 4 poster

Imam Isma'ils moské og grav, Salamiyah

Står · pr. 2026-10-30

Ismaili (venerated by Dawoodi Bohra pilgrims; mosque used by Sunnis) · mosque and shrine · Salamiyah, Hama

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Mosque rebuilt by the Dawoodi Bohra in 1991 beside the grave venerated as that of Imam Isma'il, eponym of the Ismailis.

mosque built 1991 by Dawoodi Bohra next to the grave; site tradition: Greek temple of Zeus > Byzantine church > mosque

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah

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Abdallahs mausoleum (efterkommer af Ja'far al-Sadiq), Salamiyah

Ubekræftet

Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, Hama

Historisk dokumenteret

Fatimid-era mausoleum for an Alid descendant, rebuilt in 1088 according to its inscription.

built after 1009 by Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah; rebuilt (inscription 1088)

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Imamens mausoleum (qabr mubarak forbundet med Ahmad al-Wafi), Salamiyah

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Ismaili · mausoleum · Salamiyah, Hama

Tilskrevet ifølge traditionen

Blessed grave in Salamiyah associated with the early Ismaili imam Ahmad al-Wafi.

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Masyaf-borgen (de nizaritiske ismailitters sæde) قلعة مصياف

Restaureret · pr. 2000

Ismaili (Nizari) - historic · castle (religious-political seat) · Masyaf, Hama

Castle that served as the seat of the Syrian Nizari Ismaili state under Rashid ad-Din Sinan.

Nizari from 1141; Rashid ad-Din Sinan 1166-1193; Baybars 1270

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf_Castle: Aga Khan Trust for Culture restoration from 2000 (current condition not described)

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Drusisk 1 poster

Maqam Ain al-Zaman (drusernes religiøse hovedsæde) مقام عين الزمان

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Druze · maqam / religious centre · As-Suwayda, As-Suwayda · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Shrine and seat described as the headquarters of the Druze community in Syria.

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Alawitisk 1 poster

Al-Khasibis helligdom (Sheikh Yabraq)

Beskadiget · pr. 2024-12

Alawite · shrine / tomb · Aleppo (Maysaloun district), Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Historisk dokumenteret

Tomb shrine of the 10th-century Alawite theologian al-Husayn ibn Hamdan al-Khasibi in Aleppo; set on fire in December 2024.

Kilde til status: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites: attacked and set on fire (video resurfaced c. 25 Dec 2024; authorities say attack in early Dec 2024); five killed

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Yazidisk kulturarv i Syrien 23 poster

Helligdomme dokumenteret af menneskerettigheds- og kulturarvsorganisationer, primært i Afrin-regionen. De registreres som dokumenteret religiøs kulturarv, ikke som steder at besøge. Kun landsbyen nævnes; ingen kortpositioner. Lalish og Sharfadin-templet ligger i Irak og indgår ikke i denne liste.

Sheikh Ali-helligdommen مزار الشيخ علي

Ødelagt · pr. 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Basufan, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Central Yazidi shrine of Basufan, whose spire recalled Lalish; listed by STJ among Afrin's Yazidi shrines.

Kilde til status: NPA 2020-04-26 (dome destroyed by bulldozer, per Human Rights Organization-Afrin); Newlines 2026-08-26 (Ezdina: spire bulldozed 2020) – Two independent reports (2020, 2026) describe the central shrine's spire/dome as bulldozed in 2020.

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Sheikh Hamid (Sheikh Humayd)-helligdommen مزار الشيخ حميد

Ødelagt · pr. 2026-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qastal Jindo, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Small Yazidi shrine with sacred oak and cemetery between Qastal Jindo and Baflioun, Sharran area.

Kilde til status: Newlines Magazine 2026-08-26 (shrine 'now rubble', oak uprooted); earlier: Bellingcat 2019 (photos Feb-Mar 2019: sacred tree cut, graves vandalised, wall and roof partly collapsed); STJ via Kurd-Online 2026 (excavated May 2020) – Progressive damage documented 2019-2020; described as rubble in 2026 reportage.

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Barsa (Parsê) Khatun-helligdommen مزار برسا خاتون

Ubekræftet · pr. 2026-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qastal Jindo, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Hilltop Yazidi shrine dedicated to Parsê/Barsa Khatun near Qastal Jindo.

Kilde til status: Newlines 2026-08-26: hilltop site inside a Turkish military base, could not be visited; trees in front cut down – NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single political source). Access impossible in 2026; physical state of the building not verified.

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Sheikh Junaid-helligdommen مزار الشيخ جنيد

Beskadiget · pr. 2018-05

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Faqira (Ras al-Aswad / Feqîran), Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi shrine just outside Faqira (Ras al-Aswad), Jindires area, with conical spire in Lalish style.

Kilde til status: Bellingcat 2019 (video 21 May 2018: tombstone smashed, grave opened); Rudaw 2020-04-28 (looted, vandalised; villagers tried repairs) – Desecration confirmed by video; a 2026 photo (Newlines) shows a Faqira shrine with conical spire among tombstones, condition not stated.

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Sheikh Rukab (Rakab)-helligdommen مزار الشيخ ركاب

Beskadiget · pr. 2018-06

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Shadiriya (Shaderê), Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi shrine in Shadiriya south of Afrin city.

Kilde til status: Bellingcat 2019 (video 21 June 2018: collapsed ceiling, debris); Rudaw 2020 (looted, vandalised) – Damage confirmed by video; claim that it was dug up for gold is an allegation.

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Malak Adi (Melekadi)-helligdommen مزار ملك آدي

Beskadiget · pr. 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

One of several Yazidi shrines at Qibar (Melekadi), north of Afrin city.

Kilde til status: Rudaw 2020-04-28 (Ezdina Foundation: looted and vandalised); NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single source) – Looting/vandalism reported by Ezdina (Rudaw); Bellingcat 2019 could not determine status.

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Jabal Khana / Chilkhana (Çilxana)-helligdommen مزار جل خانة

Beskadiget · pr. 2020-05-15

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi site at Qibar ('Jabal Khana' in STJ 2022; 'Chail Khaneh'/Çilxana in STJ 2021; 'Cave of Cilmera' named on Wikipedia - identity not confirmed).

Kilde til status: STJ 2021-04-06 (raided/excavated May 2020 by armed groups searching for antiquities); Kurd-Online 2026 – Excavation for antiquities reported; extent of structural damage not stated.

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Ziyarat Hajari (Hecherka / Sheikh Hussein)-helligdommen زيارة حجري

Ubekræftet · pr. 2020-04

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qibar, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi shrine at Qibar listed by STJ 2022.

Kilde til status: Rudaw 2020 reports 'Sheikh Hussein' shrine at Qibar looted and vandalised; Wikipedia names a 'Hercerka Sheikh Huseyn Shrine' at Qibar – Identification of STJ's 'Ziyarah Hajari' with Hercerka/Sheikh Huseyn is plausible but not confirmed; status kept unconfirmed.

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Den yazidiske kirkegård i Qibar المقبرة الإيزيدية في قيبار

Beskadiget · pr. 2019-05-19

Yazidi · cemetery · Qibar, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Yazidi cemetery at Qibar.

Kilde til status: Bellingcat 2019 (Afrin Activists Network video, 19 May 2019: graves disrupted); Rudaw 2020; Kurd-Online 2026 – Graves vandalised after March 2018.

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Hujir (Hoger)-helligdommen ved Qarah Jarnah (Qara Jorna) مزار هوجر

Beskadiget · pr. 2018-03-27

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Qarah Jarnah (Qara Jorna), Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Shrine near Midanki in the Sharran area, venerated by Yazidis and Muslims.

Kilde til status: Bellingcat 2019 (Ezdina News video 27 March 2018: interior damaged, cloth burned) – Desecration confirmed by video; NPA 2020 claims destroyed (single source). Bellingcat notes the shrine is used by both Yazidis and Muslims.

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Bila Manan (Mannan)-helligdommen مزار بيلا منان

Beskadiget · pr. 2024-06-13

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · Kafr Jana, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi shrine in Kafr Jana (Kafr Janneh), north-east of Afrin city.

Kilde til status: North Press Agency 2024-06-13 (photos/footage: fire and vandalism; attributed by local sources to al-Jabha al-Shamiya) – Damage shown in photos/footage obtained by NPA; attribution per local sources.

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Masha'allah-helligdommen مزار ماشاء الله

Ubekræftet · pr. 2018-08

Yazidi · shrine (mazar/ziyaret) · near Hanan, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Uafklaret lokal tradition

Yazidi shrine near Hanan, listed by STJ 2022.

Kilde til status: STJ 2021 reports a 'Hannan Shrine, Masha'ala village' raided and looted in Aug 2018 (graves of Kurdish figures) – Not established that STJ 2021's Hannan shrine is the Yazidi Masha'allah shrine listed in STJ 2022; status kept unconfirmed.

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Den Yazidiske Kulturforenings bygning (Afrin) مقر الاتحاد الثقافي الإيزيدي في عفرين

Ødelagt · pr. 2018-03

Yazidi · community building · Afrin, Aleppo · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

Community and cultural centre of the Yazidi Cultural Union (founded 2013) on Velat Street, Afrin city.

Kilde til status: STJ 2022 (satellite 6 Feb vs 21 Mar 2018); Bellingcat 2019 (imagery 7 Feb vs 22 Mar 2018) – Destroyed during/after capture of Afrin in March 2018; a school (Al-Imam wa Al-Khateeb) opened on the site on 23 Sep 2021. Reported destruction of a Lalish-dome monument and a Zoroaster statue is unverified (Bellingcat).

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Yazidisk tempelprojekt, Dukar (Amuda)

Ubekræftet · pr. 2025-08-03

Yazidi · temple (new construction project) · Dukar (Amuda countryside), Al-Hasakah · Ingen kortposition (beskyttelse)

New Yazidi temple announced by the Yazidi Union in Syria at Dukar near Amuda, marking the 2014 genocide anniversary.

foundation stone 2025-08-03

Kilde til status: North Press Agency 2025-08-03 – Only the foundation stone was reported; construction progress unknown. Modern project, not historic heritage.

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Museer i alle 14 guvernementer 40 poster

Et museum regnes kun som åbent med en dateret kilde fra 2025–2026. Åbningstider angives ikke, fordi ingen pålidelig kilde oplyser dem.

Al-Hasakahs Nationalmuseum

Lukket · pr. 2026-02-12

Al-Hasakah, Al-Hasakah

Begun in 2002 to house finds from the Khabur sites such as Tell Mozan, the museum building was used by the army from 2011 to 2024 and has never opened to the public.

Samlinger: Planned for finds from Khabur sites such as Tell Mozan; c. 8,000 objects in regional storage.

Krigsskader: Military use 2011–2024.

Has never opened to the public; repairs to utilities needed before opening (The Art Newspaper, Feb 2026).

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Aleppos Nationalmuseum

Ubekræftet · pr. 2024-12-20

Aleppo, Aleppo

Northern Syria's great archaeological museum, whose core was formed by finds from Tell Halaf, holds material from Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, Hama and many other sites. It was hit by shelling in 2016 and damaged by the 2023 earthquake.

Samlinger: Archaeology of northern Syria (Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, Hama, Tell Halaf/Guzana – 35 Tell Halaf pieces from the 1927 division formed its core), classical and Islamic periods.

Krigsskader: Hit by missiles and mortars in July 2016 (roof and structure badly damaged); façade cracked and artefacts damaged in the 6 Feb 2023 earthquake; heavy statues had been encased in concrete for protection.

Partly reopened in 2019 (UNDP); damaged in the Feb 2023 earthquake; in Dec 2024 the director said it was preparing to reopen (Asharq Al-Awsat). No dated 2025–2026 confirmation of opening found.

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Aleppo-citadellets museum

Ubekræftet · pr. 2025-12-12

Aleppo, Aleppo

A small site museum inside the medieval Citadel of Aleppo presenting finds from excavations in the citadel.

Samlinger: Finds from excavations in the citadel (details not verified).

Krigsskader: Citadel used as military stronghold during the war and damaged by the 2023 earthquake (Asharq Al-Awsat Dec 2024).

The citadel itself reopened to visitors in September 2025 (The National, 12 Dec 2025); whether the museum rooms are open is not confirmed.

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Beit Achiqbash – Museet for Folkelige Traditioner

Ubekræftet

Aleppo (Judayda quarter), Aleppo

An Ottoman courtyard house in the Judayda quarter used as Aleppo's Museum of Popular Traditions.

Samlinger: Aleppine folk traditions and domestic life.

Krigsskader: Not verified in this pass (al-Judayda quarter suffered heavy fighting).

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

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Beit Ghazaleh – Aleppos Erindringsmuseum

Beskadiget · pr. 2018

Aleppo (Judayda quarter), Aleppo

One of Aleppo's grandest historic houses, intended as a museum of the city's memory; its carved wooden interiors were damaged and partly lost during the war.

Samlinger: Planned/partial museum of the memory of Aleppo (details not verified).

Krigsskader: Damage and loss of carved wooden interior panels (reports of 2018 cited by Wikipedia list).

Listed as damaged; wooden interior panels reported missing (cited reports from 2018). No 2025–2026 status found.

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Beit Junblatt

Ubekræftet

Aleppo, Aleppo

An Ottoman palace in Aleppo listed among the city's museums; its present museum use is unconfirmed.

Samlinger: Not verified.

Only listed as museum in Wikipedia list; current museum use not verified.

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As-Suwaydas Nationalmuseum

Ubekræftet

As-Suwayda, As-Suwayda

Opened in 1990 in a basalt-clad building, the museum of Suwayda shows the basalt sculpture, mosaics and coins of the Hauran mountain from Nabataean to Islamic times, with an open-air garden of stone monuments.

Samlinger: Basalt sculpture, mosaics (incl. mythological scenes), pottery, glass and coins from Nabataean to Islamic periods.

Krigsskader: None found.

No dated 2025–2026 status found; effect of the July 2025 violence in Suwayda on the museum not documented in sources consulted.

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Shahba-museet (Philippopolis)

Ubekræftet

Shahba, As-Suwayda

A museum in Shahba, the Roman city of Philippopolis founded by Emperor Philip the Arab, known for its mosaics.

Samlinger: Roman mosaics from Philippopolis (details not verified).

No dated status found.

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Damaskus' Nationalmuseum

Genåbnet · pr. 2025-12-02

Damascus, Damaskus

Syria's principal museum, founded in 1919, presents finds from all periods and regions, from prehistoric tools and the Ugarit alphabet tablet to the Dura-Europos synagogue and a Palmyrene tomb. Its entrance re-uses the gateway of the Umayyad palace Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. After several closures it reopened in 2025.

Samlinger: Syria's largest archaeological collection in five departments (prehistory, ancient Near East incl. Ugarit, Ebla and Mari tablets, classical incl. Palmyra hypogeum and the Dura-Europos synagogue, Islamic, modern art).

Krigsskader: No structural war destruction reported, but The Art Newspaper (Aug 2025) describes cracked walls and ceilings and parts of the building used as storage for objects evacuated from six other museums; theft of six Roman statues from the classical department in Nov 2025.

Closed 2012, partly reopened 29 Oct 2018, closed 7 Dec 2024, reopened 8 Jan 2025; closed again after the theft of six Roman marble statues discovered 10 Nov 2025; reopening after security upgrade reported on 2 Dec 2025 (SANA, undated page; Syrian Future Movement statement). Exact reopening date and open sections not confirmed by an official dated notice.

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Syriens Fængselsmuseum

Åben · pr. 2025-09-15

Damascus, Damaskus

A documentation project launched in 2025 that uses digital reconstructions, virtual reality and survivor testimonies to record detention and torture in Assad-era prisons.

Samlinger: Digital archive, 3D/VR reconstructions of Assad-era detention and torture facilities and survivor video testimonies.

Launched 15 Sep 2025 (The New Arab, AFP). Continuous physical opening not verified; mainly online.

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Azm-paladset – Museet for Kunst og Folkelige Traditioner

Ubekræftet · pr. 2025-08-17

Damascus (Old City), Damaskus

The 18th-century residence of governor As'ad Pasha al-Azm in the Old City houses the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions, with rooms evoking Damascene household life, crafts and costume around richly decorated courtyards.

Samlinger: Ethnographic displays of Damascene domestic life, crafts, costumes and tableaux in the palace rooms.

Krigsskader: No war damage found in the sources consulted.

DGAM page (Aug 2025) states the building is in good condition and used as the Museum of Popular Traditions, but gives no opening information. No dated 2025–2026 confirmation of public opening found.

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Museet for Medicin og Videnskab i den Arabiske Verden (Bimaristan Nur al-Din)

Ubekræftet

Damascus (Old City), Damaskus

The 12th-century hospital founded by Nur al-Din now hosts a museum on the history of medicine and science in the Arab-Islamic world.

Samlinger: Historical medical and pharmaceutical instruments, manuscripts and displays on medieval Arab-Islamic medicine and science.

Krigsskader: None found in the sources consulted.

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

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Syriens Militærmuseum

Ubekræftet

Damascus, Damaskus

Syria's military museum in central Damascus displayed weapons and military history; its present location and condition could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Weapons, uniforms and military history displays (contents and current location not verified).

No dated status found; location/relocation not verified.

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Oktoberkrigens Panorama

Beskadiget · pr. 2024-12

Damascus, Damaskus

Opened in 1998, the panorama glorified the 1973 war and Hafez al-Assad with captured hardware, monumental paintings and a rotating 3D view of the battle for Quneitra. Parts were reportedly ransacked after December 2024.

Samlinger: Military hardware from the 1973 war, large paintings and a rotating 3D panorama of the battle for Quneitra.

Krigsskader: Reported ransacking after Dec 2024 (single, weak source).

Wikipedia states parts of the building were ransacked and destroyed after the fall of the Assad government (cited to an archived video); no dated official status found.

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Det Syriske Kulturarvshus (Tårn otte, Damaskus' citadel)

Åben · pr. 2026-09-25

Damascus (Old City), Damaskus

A restored tower of the Ayyubid citadel reopened in 2026 as a cultural space presenting Syria's tangible and intangible heritage, including antiquities returned from abroad.

Samlinger: Exhibitions on tangible and intangible Syrian heritage; in Aug 2026 showed 23 antiquities returned from France.

Reopened as multipurpose cultural space in Jan 2026; exhibition in Aug 2026 (The National, 25 Sep 2026).

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Al-Bayt al-Shami – Damaskus' historiske museum

Ubekræftet

Damascus, Damaskus

A museum on the history of the city of Damascus listed in heritage directories; its current state is unknown.

Samlinger: Historical museum of the city of Damascus (details not verified).

Only listed in Wikipedia list and Heritage for Peace; no dated status.

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Museet for Epigrafik (Damaskus)

Ubekræftet

Damascus, Damaskus

A museum of inscriptions in Damascus mentioned in museum lists; its existence today could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Inscriptions (details not verified).

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence today not verified.

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Damaskus' Landbrugsmuseum

Ubekræftet

Damascus, Damaskus

An agricultural museum in Damascus mentioned in museum lists; its existence today could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Not verified.

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence today not verified.

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Bosra-museet (citadellet)

Ubekræftet

Bosra, Daraa

Inside the Ayyubid citadel that encloses Bosra's Roman theatre, the museum presents archaeological and folk material from the Hauran.

Samlinger: Archaeological and folk material from the Hauran (details not verified).

Krigsskader: DGAM reported fighting damage to the citadel (24 Mar 2015).

No dated status found.

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Deir ez-Zor-museet

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-09-22

Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor

Built in 1996 as a Syrian–German project, the museum of Deir ez-Zor presented the archaeology of the Jazira and the Euphrates, from Mari to Dura-Europos, with full-scale reconstructions. Closed since 2011, much of its collection was evacuated to Damascus.

Samlinger: Archaeology of the Jazira and Euphrates: Mari tablets, Khabur sites (Brak, Leilan, Mozan, Beydar), Dura-Europos, ethnography; full-scale reconstructions.

Krigsskader: Damaged during the war (unspecified); collection evacuated.

Closed since 2011; c. 30,000 objects evacuated to Damascus in 2014–2015; Sept 2025 governor cancelled plan to allocate museum rooms as offices; damage acknowledged; no reopening date.

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Museet for Folketraditioner (Deir ez-Zor)

Ubekræftet

Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor

A folk-traditions museum in Deir ez-Zor known only from a Wikidata entry; details are unverified.

Samlinger: Not verified.

Wikidata item only; location precision doubtful.

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Dura-Europos' lokalitetsmuseum

Ubekræftet

Salhiyeh (Dura-Europos), Deir ez-Zor

A site museum at Dura-Europos recorded in Wikidata; its existence and state could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Not verified.

Recent Wikidata item; the site was extensively looted 2013–2016 (not museum-specific).

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Hamas Nationalmuseum

Ubekræftet

Hama, Hama

The regional museum of Hama presents the archaeology of the middle Orontes valley; it was reported looted during the war.

Samlinger: Archaeology of the Hama region from prehistory to the Islamic period (details not verified).

Krigsskader: Reported looted; a gilt bronze Aramaean statue listed as missing (Wikipedia list).

No dated 2025–2026 status found.

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Apamea-museet (Khan Qal'at al-Madiq)

Beskadiget · pr. 2019-08-27

Qal'at al-Madiq, Hama

A 16th-century Ottoman caravanserai below the castle of Qal'at al-Madiq, converted in 1982 into a museum of the mosaics of Apamea. It suffered looting and fighting during the war.

Samlinger: Roman and Byzantine mosaics, sarcophagi and finds from Apamea.

Krigsskader: Looted by armed groups (2012 reports); shelling in 2019; mosaics wrapped and sandbagged by local protectors.

Looting and vandalism reported 2012; repeated attacks reported 2019; condition described as unknown in Aug 2019. No 2025–2026 status found.

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Homs-museet

Genåbnet · pr. 2026-08

Homs, Homs

The archaeological museum of Homs presents finds from Qatna, the Kadesh region and Roman Emesa. In August 2026 one hall reopened for the first time since 2011.

Samlinger: Regional archaeology incl. Qatna royal-tomb finds, material linked to Qadesh, Roman Emesa and Islamic pottery.

Krigsskader: Reported looted (Wikipedia list).

One hall reopened in August 2026 (Stone Sculpture Week 1–6 Aug 2026) for the first time since 2011; full reopening not yet announced.

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Palmyra-museet

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-10-30

Palmyra (Tadmur), Homs

The site museum of Palmyra, built in 1961, held the famous Palmyrene funerary portraits. It was badly damaged and its sculptures smashed during the war; an internationally funded rehabilitation is being prepared.

Samlinger: Palmyrene funerary portraits, sculpture, mosaics and finds from the ancient city.

Krigsskader: Heavily damaged and statues smashed during ISIS occupations (2015–2017) and fighting; looting.

Collapsed roof, damaged exhibits and no visitor facilities (The National, 30 Oct 2025); ALIPH preparatory phase for rehabilitation 2026.

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Idlib-museet

Beskadiget · pr. 2025-12-03

Idlib, Idlib

The museum of Idlib is best known for the clay tablets of the Ebla archives. Damaged by bombing and the 2023 earthquake, it is being rehabilitated; more than 1,400 objects were returned to it in December 2025.

Samlinger: Finds from Ebla incl. cuneiform tablets of the Ebla archives, and other regional sites.

Krigsskader: Damaged by bombing and the 2023 earthquake; reopened briefly in 2018 under opposition administration.

Under rehabilitation after bomb and earthquake damage (The Art Newspaper, Aug 2025); 1,234 tablets and 198 objects returned to the museum in Dec 2025. Opening to the public not confirmed.

Kilder

Ma'arrat al-Nu'man Mosaikmuseum

Lukket · pr. 2026-09-25

Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Idlib

Housed in the Ottoman Khan Murad Pasha, this museum displays late Roman and Byzantine mosaics from the Dead Cities. It was struck several times during the war and remains closed pending restoration.

Samlinger: Late Roman and Byzantine mosaics from the Dead Cities region.

Krigsskader: Hit by shelling in 2012 and by airstrikes (incl. two rockets on 9 May 2016); building and mosaics damaged.

Closed awaiting restoration; surviving objects wrapped in storage; engineering study in preparation, no timetable (The National, Sep 2026).

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Ebla-museet

Ubekræftet

Tell Mardikh (Ebla), Idlib

A museum at Ebla is mentioned in museum lists; whether a site museum exists at Tell Mardikh today could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Not verified (main Ebla finds are in Idlib, Aleppo and Damascus).

Only listed in Wikipedia list; existence and current state not verified.

Kilder

Latakias Nationalmuseum

Ubekræftet

Latakia, Latakia

Set in a 16th-century Ottoman khan once used for the tobacco trade, the Latakia museum shows finds from Ugarit and Ras Ibn Hani, classical and Islamic objects and modern art.

Samlinger: Ugarit (Ras Shamra) and Ras Ibn Hani tablets and finds, classical and Islamic objects, modern art.

Krigsskader: No physical damage reported in sources consulted.

Closed temporarily from 2011 (garden remained open per Wikipedia). No dated 2025–2026 status found.

Kilder

Raqqa-museet

Lukket · pr. 2026-10

Raqqa, Raqqa

The Ottoman government building of 1861 became Raqqa's museum in 1981, with finds from the Balikh and Euphrates sites and the Abbasid city. Looted under ISIS, the building has been restored and its collection is being reconstituted ahead of reopening.

Samlinger: Finds from Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Bi'a, Tell Chuera, Tell Munbaqa, Roman to Abbasid (Harun al-Rashid era) objects.

Krigsskader: Looted and damaged under ISIS (reported 2013); building damaged; thousands of objects missing.

Building restoration completed with ALIPH support; restoration of remaining collection under way "so that the museum may be re-opened" (ALIPH project page). Oct 2026: efforts to recover c. 4,700 missing artefacts (Enab Baladi headline; article not accessible).

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Qal'at Ja'bar-museet

Ubekræftet

Qal'at Ja'bar (Lake Assad), Raqqa

A small museum in the castle of Qal'at Ja'bar on Lake Assad; its current state is unknown.

Samlinger: Finds from the castle (details not verified).

Krigsskader: Possibly looted 1 May 2012 (attribution unclear).

No dated status found. Note: Wikipedia's damage list conflates it with the Raqqa Museum (looting on 1 May 2012).

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Tartus-museet (Vor Frue af Tortosa-katedralen)

Lukket · pr. 2025

Tartus, Tartus

The crusader Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa has served as the museum of Tartus since 1956, displaying finds from Amrit, Arwad and the coast. Closed and damaged, it is being rehabilitated in a 2025–2027 project.

Samlinger: Finds from Amrit, Arwad, Tartus and the coast from prehistory to the medieval period.

Krigsskader: "Significant damage to both its building and collections" (ALIPH).

Closed for years; ALIPH/Aga Khan Trust for Culture rehabilitation project 2025–2027 aims to reopen it (project page, retrieved 2026-10-30).

Åbn stedside
Kilder

Amrit-museet

Ubekræftet

Amrit, Tartus

A museum at the Phoenician site of Amrit is mentioned in lists; its existence and state could not be confirmed.

Samlinger: Not verified.

Listed by Heritage for Peace and Wikipedia without location; existence today not verified.

Kilder

Genstande opbevaret andetsteds

Fund fra syriske lokaliteter, der i dag befinder sig på museer andre steder. Det oprindelige sted og genstandene registreres hver for sig.

  • Fund fra Tell Halaf (Guzana)Main share taken to Berlin by Max von Oppenheim (private Tell Halaf Museum, burnt Nov 1943; >30 sculptures reconstructed from c. 27,000 fragments 2001–2010, shown at the Pergamon Museum 2011, now with the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin). 35 pieces from the 1927 division went to Aleppo and formed the core of the National Museum of Aleppo; some reliefs in the British Museum and the Walters Art Museum.

Slagmarker og historiske vendepunkter i Syrien 32 poster

Fra Kadesh til Maysalun. Placeringer er så præcise, som kilderne tillader; omstridte slagmarker vises kun som en region.

Battle of Kadesh – c. May 1274 BC (low chronology; high chronology about 20 years earlier)Siege of Dura-Europos – 256 ADSiege of Damascus (634) – 21 August – 19 September 634Siege of Emesa (Homs) – December 635 – March 636Battle of Hazir – June 637Battle of Siffin – 26–28 July 657 (8–10 Safar 37 AH)Battle of Marj Rahit – 18 August 684Byzantine sack of Aleppo – 24–31 December 962Siege of Shaizar – 28 April – 21 May 1138Zengi's siege of Qal'at Ja'bar – 1146Saladin's siege of Masyaf – May 1176Saladin's capture of Saone (Saladin's Castle) – 27–29 July 1188Ayyubid conquest of Qal'at Najm – 1202Mongol siege of Aleppo – 18–24 January 1260Siege of Krak des Chevaliers – 3 March – 8 April 1271Siege of Margat (al-Marqab) – 17 April – 23 May 1285Mongol siege of al-Rahba – 1312/1313 (about one month)Timurid sack of Aleppo – October–November 1400Timurid siege and sack of Damascus – December 1400 – March 1401Battle of Marj Dabiq – 24 August 1516Damaskus' NationalmuseumAzm-paladset – Museet for Kunst og Folkelige TraditionerMuseet for Medicin og Videnskab i den Arabiske Verden (Bimaristan Nur al-Din)Museet for Arabisk KalligrafiSyriens MilitærmuseumOktoberkrigens PanoramaDet Syriske Kulturarvshus (Tårn otte, Damaskus' citadel)Aleppos NationalmuseumAleppo-citadellets museumBeit Achiqbash – Museet for Folkelige TraditionerBeit Ghazaleh – Aleppos ErindringsmuseumBeit JunblattAzm-paladset, HamaApamea-museet (Khan Qal'at al-Madiq)Homs-museetIdlib-museetMa'arrat al-Nu'man MosaikmuseumLatakias NationalmuseumTartus-museet (Vor Frue af Tortosa-katedralen)Arwad-museet (Arwads citadel)Bosra-museet (citadellet)Daraa-museetAs-Suwaydas NationalmuseumRaqqa-museetQal'at Ja'bar-museetDeir ez-Zor-museetMuseet for Folketraditioner (Deir ez-Zor)Dura-Europos' lokalitetsmuseum
  • Museer i alle 14 guvernementer
  • Sted kendt, rester synlige
  • Omtrentligt område
  • Placering omstridt – kun region

  1. Slaget ved Kadesh معركة قادش

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    One of the earliest battles whose course is known in detail: chariot armies of Ramesses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli II clashed on the Orontes plain near Kadesh. Egyptian monuments present it as a triumph, but the result was a stalemate that eventually led to one of the oldest known peace treaties.

    Parter
    Egyptian New Kingdom · Hittite Empire
    Hærførere
    Ramesses II · Muwatalli II · Hattusili III · Talmi-Sarruma of Aleppo
    Udfald
    Inconclusive; no territorial gain for Egypt. Later followed by the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty (c. 1259 BC).
    Placering
    Orontes plain near Kadesh (Tell Nebi Mend), just upstream of Lake Homs; a Wikipedia footnote places it near al-Houz, al-Qusayr District.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Tell Nebi Mend (ancient Kadesh) survives as an archaeological tell; no battlefield remains. The battle is commemorated in Egyptian reliefs (Ramesseum, Abu Simbel, Karnak, Luxor, Abydos).
    Kadesh Qattinah-søen (Homs-søen) Museet i Homs
    Kilder

  2. Belejringen af Dura-Europos حصار دورا أوروبوس

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Deir ez-Zor

    Shapur I took the Roman frontier city on the Euphrates around 256 after a siege fought partly underground. The excavated mines and counter-mines, with the remains of soldiers who died in a tunnel, are among the best archaeological evidence of ancient siege warfare.

    Parter
    Sasanian Empire · Roman Empire
    Hærførere
    Shapur I · Roman commander unknown
    Udfald
    Sasanian capture of the city; Dura was abandoned afterwards.
    Placering
    City walls of Dura-Europos above the Euphrates near as-Salihiyah.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Sasanian siege mines and Roman counter-mines under the western wall (where c. 20 Roman soldiers died, probably from toxic fumes), city walls and towers; remains of a Sasanian siege ramp are recorded as a separate Wikidata item. The site was heavily looted 2013–2016.
    Dura-Europos
    Kilder

  3. Slaget ved Emesa معركة حمص (إميسا)

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    Emperor Aurelian defeated the army of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra outside Emesa. The battle ended the short-lived Palmyrene Empire and opened the road to Palmyra itself.

    Parter
    Roman Empire · Palmyrene Empire
    Hærførere
    Aurelian · Zenobia · Zabdas
    Udfald
    Roman victory; collapse of the Palmyrene Empire and subsequent siege and capture of Palmyra.
    Placering
    Plain before Emesa (Homs).
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Palmyra
    Kilder

  4. Slaget ved Callinicum معركة الرقة (كالينيكوس)

    Omtrentligt område · Raqqa

    Belisarius confronted a retreating Persian army on the Euphrates near Callinicum, today Raqqa, and lost after a hard fight. The battle belongs to the long Roman–Persian struggle for the Mesopotamian frontier.

    Parter
    Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid allies · Sasanian Empire with Lakhmid allies
    Hærførere
    Belisarius · Hermogenes · Azarethes · al-Mundhir III
    Udfald
    Sasanian victory, costly enough to be described as Pyrrhic.
    Placering
    Near Callinicum (Raqqa), on the bank of the Euphrates.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Citadellet i Raqqa Museet i Raqqa
    Kilder

  5. Slaget ved og overgivelsen af Bosra معركة بصرى وفتحها

    Omtrentligt område · Daraa

    According to the Islamic tradition Khalid ibn al-Walid reached Bosra after his desert march from Iraq and, together with Shurahbil, forced the city to surrender in 634. Bosra became the first major town of Byzantine Syria to fall to the Muslim armies; details differ between the sources.

    Parter
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid forces
    Hærførere
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Shurahbil ibn Hasana · Romanus (Byzantine)
    Udfald
    Rashidun victory; Bosra surrendered against tribute in mid-July 634.
    Placering
    Outside the walls of Bosra.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Ancient city of Bosra (UNESCO World Heritage); the Mosque of Umar is traditionally linked to the conquest period. No battlefield remains.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources. Theophanes dates the event to the caliphate of Umar.

    Citadellet i Bosra Omar-moskeen (Bosra)
    Kilder

  6. Belejringen af Damaskus (634) حصار دمشق (634)

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Damaskus

    The month-long siege brought Damascus under Muslim rule. Tradition tells of two entries – Khalid ibn al-Walid storming the East Gate while Abu Ubayda negotiated a surrender at the Jabiya Gate – and of the decision to honour the negotiated terms.

    Parter
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire
    Hærførere
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Thomas (Byzantine garrison)
    Udfald
    Rashidun capture of Damascus; according to the sources Khalid broke in at the East Gate while Abu Ubayda accepted a negotiated surrender at the Jabiya Gate, and the surrender terms were honoured.
    Placering
    Walls and gates of Roman/Byzantine Damascus (East Gate = Bab Sharqi, Jabiya Gate).
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Bab Sharqi (Roman East Gate) and the line of the Old City walls; Bab al-Jabiyah (later rebuilt).

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Bab Sharqi Bab al-Jabiyah Umayyade-moskéen
    Kilder

  7. Belejringen af Emesa (Homs) حصار حمص

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    During the winter of 635–636 the Muslim armies under Abu Ubayda and Khalid ibn al-Walid besieged Emesa until the city came to terms. Homs became one of the main garrison centres of early Islamic Syria.

    Parter
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire
    Hærførere
    Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Khalid ibn al-Walid · Ubada ibn al-Samit · Harbees (Byzantine)
    Udfald
    Rashidun capture of Emesa (later briefly evacuated before Yarmouk).
    Placering
    Around ancient Emesa (Homs).
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None specific; the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque in Homs houses a tomb traditionally attributed to Khalid (not verified in this pass).

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Citadellet i Homs
    Kilder

  8. Slaget ved Yarmuk معركة اليرموك

    Placering omstridt – kun region · Daraa

    Over six days in August 636 the Muslim armies defeated a large Byzantine field army in the Yarmouk region. The battle decided the fate of Byzantine Syria; the precise layout and extent of the battlefield remain a matter of scholarly reconstruction.

    Parter
    Rashidun Caliphate · Byzantine Empire with Ghassanid allies
    Hærførere
    Khalid ibn al-Walid (field command per tradition) · Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah · Amr ibn al-As · Shurahbil ibn Hasana · Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan · Vahan · Theodore Trithyrius · Jabala ibn al-Ayham
    Udfald
    Decisive Rashidun victory that effectively ended Byzantine rule in Syria.
    Placering
    Region of the Yarmouk river and its tributary the Wadi al-Ruqqad, south-east of the Sea of Galilee, on today's Syria–Jordan border. The exact extent of the battlefield, the position of the Byzantine camps (north of the Wadi al-Ruqqad vs. Yaqusa) and crossing points are reconstructed differently by historians (e.g. Akram vs. Nicolle); therefore no point coordinates are given.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources. Wikipedia notes that Khalid took over command from Abu Ubayda in a council of war.

    Kilder

  9. Slaget ved Hazir معركة الحاضر

    Omtrentligt område · Aleppo

    Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry defeated a Byzantine force near Qinnasrin, opening northern Syria and Aleppo to the Muslim armies.

    Parter
    Rashidun Caliphate (Mobile Guard) · Byzantine Empire
    Hærførere
    Khalid ibn al-Walid · Menas (Byzantine, killed)
    Udfald
    Rashidun victory; Qinnasrin surrendered soon afterwards.
    Placering
    Plain about three miles east of Qinnasrin at al-Hadir.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known; ruins of Qinnasrin (Chalcis) nearby.

    Narratives of the conquest rely mainly on later Arabic sources (al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, the partly legendary Futuh al-Sham attributed to al-Waqidi); dates, numbers and the role of individual commanders vary between sources.

    Qinnasrin
    Kilder

  10. Slaget ved Siffin معركة صفين

    Omtrentligt område · Raqqa

    Armies of Caliph Ali and of Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, fought for days on the Euphrates west of Raqqa. The call for arbitration that ended the fighting shaped the later division of the Muslim community.

    Parter
    Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib · Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Syria)
    Hærførere
    Ali ibn Abi Talib · Malik al-Ashtar · Ammar ibn Yasir (killed) · Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan · Amr ibn al-As
    Udfald
    Inconclusive; fighting stopped when the Syrians called for arbitration, which ended inconclusively in 658. A turning point in the history of Islamic sects (emergence of the Kharijites).
    Placering
    Siffin, a ruined Byzantine-era village on the Euphrates near Raqqa; identified with Tell Abu Hureyra, now submerged by Lake Assad.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None visible; the identified site lies under Lake Assad.
    Abu Hureyra Uwais al-Qarni-moskeen
    Kilder

  11. Slaget ved Marj Rahit معركة مرج راهط

    Omtrentligt område · Rif Dimashq

    North-east of Damascus Marwan I and his Kalb allies defeated the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr. The victory kept the caliphate in Umayyad hands but left a long-lasting tribal rivalry in Syria.

    Parter
    Umayyads (Marwan I, Kalb tribal coalition) · Zubayrid supporters (Qays tribes)
    Hærførere
    Marwan I · Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad · al-Dahhak ibn Qays (killed) · Zufar ibn al-Harith
    Udfald
    Umayyad victory; secured Syria for the Marwanid branch but deepened the Qays–Yaman feud.
    Placering
    Marj Rahit meadow near Adra, about 17 km north-east of Damascus.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Kilder

  12. Byzantinernes plyndring af Aleppo اجتياح البيزنطيين لحلب

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Aleppo

    Nikephoros Phokas surprised Sayf al-Dawla, took his palace outside the walls and stormed Aleppo. Only the citadel held out; the city was looted and partly destroyed.

    Parter
    Byzantine Empire · Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo
    Hærførere
    Nikephoros Phokas · John Tzimiskes · Sayf al-Dawla
    Udfald
    City stormed and plundered for about a week; the citadel held; thousands of captives taken.
    Placering
    City of Aleppo; the citadel resisted.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Citadel of Aleppo (later rebuilt); no remains specific to 962.
    Aleppos citadel
    Kilder

  13. Slaget ved Ager Sanguinis (Blodmarken, Sarmada) معركة ساحة الدم (سرمدا / البلاط)

    Placering omstridt – kun region · Idlib

    Ilghazi's army annihilated the field army of Antioch and killed its regent Roger of Salerno. Crusader chroniclers named the place the "Field of Blood"; its exact location is given differently in the sources.

    Parter
    Principality of Antioch · Artuqids of Mardin/Aleppo
    Hærførere
    Roger of Salerno (killed) · Ilghazi
    Udfald
    Artuqid victory; the Antiochene army was destroyed.
    Placering
    Between Antioch and Aleppo near al-Atharib; sources name the Sarmada pass or al-Balat.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Sarmada
    Kilder

  14. Belejringen af Shaizar حصار شيزر

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Hama

    A Byzantine–crusader army under John II Komnenos besieged the Munqidhite stronghold on the Orontes but failed to take its citadel; the emir bought peace with tribute.

    Parter
    Byzantine Empire, Antioch, Edessa, Templars · Munqidhite Emirate of Shaizar, Zengids
    Hærførere
    John II Komnenos · Raymond of Poitiers · Joscelin II · Sultan ibn Munqidh · Zengi
    Udfald
    The town fell but the citadel held; the emir paid an indemnity and became a Byzantine vassal.
    Placering
    Castle of Shaizar on the Orontes.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Castle of Shaizar (later Ayyubid/Mamluk rebuilding).
    Shaizar
    Kilder

  15. Zengis belejring af Qal'at Ja'bar حصار عماد الدين زنكي لقلعة جعبر

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Raqqa

    While besieging Qal'at Ja'bar in 1146, Imad al-Din Zengi, conqueror of Edessa, was killed by a servant. His death passed the leadership of the Muslim counter-crusade to his son Nur al-Din.

    Parter
    Zengids · Uqaylid lord of Qal'at Ja'bar
    Hærførere
    Imad al-Din Zengi
    Udfald
    Zengi was murdered in his camp by one of his own slaves; the siege was abandoned.
    Placering
    Qal'at Ja'bar, now on a peninsula in Lake Assad.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Castle of Qal'at Ja'bar (Ayyubid rebuilding); ISIS-held 2014–2017.
    Qal'at Ja'bar
    Kilder

  16. Belejringen af Damaskus (Andet Korstog) حصار دمشق في الحملة الصليبية الثانية

    Omtrentligt område · Damaskus

    The kings of Germany, France and Jerusalem besieged Damascus for only five days before withdrawing. The failure discredited the Second Crusade and helped Nur al-Din later gain Damascus.

    Parter
    Kingdom of Jerusalem, Holy Roman Empire, France, military orders · Burids of Damascus, supported by Zengids
    Hærførere
    Baldwin III · Conrad III · Louis VII · Mu'in al-Din Unur · Sayf al-Din Ghazi I · Nur al-Din
    Udfald
    Crusaders abandoned the siege after five days; the Second Crusade ended in failure.
    Placering
    Around the walls and orchards of Damascus.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None specific.
    Damaskus’ citadel
    Kilder

  17. Slaget ved Hamas Horn معركة قرون حماة

    Omtrentligt område · Hama

    Saladin defeated a Zengid coalition near Hama, an important step in uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule.

    Parter
    Ayyubids (Saladin) · Zengids of Aleppo and Mosul
    Hærførere
    Saladin · Muhammad ibn Shirkuh · Gökböri
    Udfald
    Ayyubid victory; Saladin consolidated his rule in central Syria.
    Placering
    Near Hama.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Hama-borgen
    Kilder

  18. Saladins belejring af Masyaf حصار صلاح الدين لقلعة مصياف

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Hama

    Saladin besieged the chief castle of the Syrian Nizari Ismailis in 1176 but soon accepted a truce. Masyaf remained Ismaili until the Mamluk sultan Baybars took it in 1270.

    Parter
    Ayyubids · Nizari Ismailis
    Hærførere
    Saladin
    Udfald
    Brief siege ended in a truce. The castle later fell to Baybars in February 1270.
    Placering
    Masyaf Castle.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Masyaf Castle (restored 2000s).
    Masyaf-borgen
    Kilder

  19. Saladins erobring af Saone (Saladins borg) فتح صلاح الدين لقلعة صهيون

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Latakia

    Saladin's army bombarded and stormed the crusader castle of Saone in 1188; the garrison surrendered after three days. The castle, today named after Saladin, keeps one of the most impressive rock-cut moats of the Middle Ages.

    Parter
    Ayyubids · Crusader garrison (Principality of Antioch)
    Hærførere
    Saladin · al-Zahir Ghazi
    Udfald
    Castle fell within three days; the garrison ransomed itself; granted to the emir Mankawar.
    Placering
    Qal'at Salah ad-Din (Saone/Sahyun) near al-Haffah.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Rock-cut ditch c. 28 m deep with a free-standing 28 m needle pillar for the drawbridge; UNESCO World Heritage (Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din).
    Qal'at Salah El-Din
    Kilder

  20. Ayyubidernes erobring af Qal'at Najm استيلاء الأيوبيين على قلعة نجم

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Aleppo

    In 1202 al-Zahir Ghazi of Aleppo seized the Euphrates fortress of Qal'at Najm together with Manbij and Qal'at Ja'bar. No major battle is recorded there; the castle is included as a fortress whose history was shaped by sieges.

    Parter
    Ayyubids of Aleppo · Rival Ayyubid holders in the Jazira
    Hærførere
    al-Zahir Ghazi
    Udfald
    Qal'at Najm, Manbij and Qal'at Ja'bar taken.
    Placering
    Qal'at Najm on the Euphrates.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Qal'at Najm castle (Ayyubid rebuilding); damaged by an Ottoman siege in 1820; SDF capture from ISIS 2016.
    Qalat Najm Qal'at Ja'bar
    Kilder

  21. Mongolernes belejring af Aleppo حصار المغول لحلب

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Aleppo

    Hulegu's Mongols, with Armenian and Antiochene allies, took Aleppo in January 1260 and massacred much of its population; the Great Mosque burned and the citadel was destroyed after its surrender.

    Parter
    Ilkhanate (Mongols), Cilician Armenia, Antioch · Ayyubids
    Hærførere
    Hulegu · Hethum I · Bohemond VI · al-Mu'azzam Turanshah
    Udfald
    City taken after about a week and its population massacred; the citadel surrendered about a month later and was destroyed.
    Placering
    City and citadel of Aleppo.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Citadel and Great Mosque of Aleppo (both later rebuilt; the mosque was burned in 1260).
    Aleppos citadel Den Store Moské i Aleppo
    Kilder

  22. Det første slag ved Homs معركة حمص الأولى

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    Months after Ain Jalut, the princes of Homs and Hama with Mamluk support repelled a returning Mongol army at Homs.

    Parter
    Mamluks and Ayyubid emirates of Homs and Hama · Ilkhanate (Mongols)
    Hærførere
    al-Ashraf Musa · al-Mansur · Baidu/Baydar (Mongol)
    Udfald
    Muslim coalition victory.
    Placering
    Near Homs.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Citadellet i Homs
    Kilder

  23. Belejringen af Krak des Chevaliers حصار قلعة الحصن

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Homs

    Baybars took the Hospitallers' greatest castle after mining a tower and breaking into the outer ward; the defenders capitulated on 8 April 1271. The Mamluks repaired the castle and turned its chapel into a mosque.

    Parter
    Mamluk Sultanate · Knights Hospitaller
    Hærførere
    Baybars
    Udfald
    After 36 days and the collapse of a mined south-west tower, the garrison surrendered (prompted by a forged letter) and was spared.
    Placering
    Krak des Chevaliers (Qal'at al-Hisn).
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Castle preserved; Hospitaller chapel converted into a mosque with two mihrabs; Mamluk repairs mainly in the outer ward. UNESCO World Heritage.
    Krak des Chevaliers
    Kilder

  24. Det andet slag ved Homs معركة حمص الثانية

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    Sultan Qalawun defeated a large Mongol-led coalition south of Homs, securing Syria for the Mamluks for almost two decades.

    Parter
    Mamluk Sultanate · Ilkhanate with Cilician Armenia, Georgia, Rum and Hospitallers
    Hærførere
    Qalawun · Möngke Temür (wounded) · Leo II of Armenia · Demetrius II of Georgia
    Udfald
    Mamluk victory.
    Placering
    South of Homs.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.

    Wikidata Q2726734 carries only city-centre coordinates of Homs (34.7232, 36.7145); not used as battlefield point.

    Kilder

  25. Belejringen af Margat (al-Marqab) حصار قلعة المرقب

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Tartus

    Sultan Qalawun captured the Hospitaller fortress of Margat on the coast in 1285 after mining operations, a further step towards the end of the crusader states.

    Parter
    Mamluk Sultanate · Knights Hospitaller
    Hærførere
    Qalawun
    Udfald
    Mamluk capture; Qalawun had the castle rebuilt and strengthened.
    Placering
    Margat castle above Baniyas.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Castle of al-Marqab with Mamluk rebuilding.
    Margat
    Kilder

  26. Slaget ved Wadi al-Khaznadar (Det tredje slag ved Homs) معركة وادي الخزندار (معركة حمص الثالثة)

    Omtrentligt område · Homs

    Ghazan's Mongol army defeated the Mamluks north-east of Homs in 1299 – the only major Mongol field victory over the Mamluks.

    Parter
    Ilkhanate with Georgia and Cilician Armenia · Mamluk Sultanate
    Hærførere
    Ghazan · al-Nasir Muhammad
    Udfald
    Ilkhanid victory; brief Mongol occupation of Damascus in early 1300.
    Placering
    Wadi al-Khaznadar, north-east of Homs.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Kilder

  27. Slaget ved Marj al-Saffar (Shaqhab) معركة مرج الصفر (شقحب)

    Omtrentligt område · Rif Dimashq

    South of Damascus the Mamluks inflicted a heavy defeat on the Mongol army of Qutlugh-Shah. It was the last Mongol attempt to conquer Syria in the field.

    Parter
    Mamluk Sultanate · Ilkhanate with Cilician Armenia
    Hærførere
    al-Nasir Muhammad · Baybars II · Sayf al-Din Salar · Qutlugh-Shah · Hethum II
    Udfald
    Decisive Mamluk victory, ending the Mongol invasions of the Levant. Ibn Taymiyya took part as a religious figure.
    Placering
    Plain of Marj al-Saffar near Ghabaghib and Kiswe, c. 40 km south of Damascus.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Kilder

  28. Mongolernes belejring af al-Rahba حصار المغول للرحبة

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Deir ez-Zor

    The Ilkhan Öljaitü besieged the Euphrates fortress of al-Rahba for about a month without success – the last Mongol campaign against Mamluk Syria.

    Parter
    Ilkhanate · Mamluk garrison
    Hærførere
    Öljaitü
    Udfald
    Siege failed; the last Ilkhanid attempt to invade Mamluk Syria.
    Placering
    Qal'at al-Rahba near al-Mayadin.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Ruined castle of al-Rahba.
    Kilder

  29. Timuridernes plyndring af Aleppo اجتياح تيمورلنك لحلب

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Aleppo

    Timur defeated the Mamluk governors before Aleppo and sacked the city; one account tells of a tower of skulls raised outside the walls.

    Parter
    Timurid Empire · Mamluk Sultanate
    Hærførere
    Timur · Miran Shah · Shah Rukh · Tamardash (governor of Aleppo)
    Udfald
    Mamluk army defeated, city sacked; several Mamluk governors captured; Hama, Homs and Baalbek followed.
    Placering
    City of Aleppo.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None specific; the citadel and old city were rebuilt later.
    Aleppos citadel
    Kilder

  30. Timuridernes belejring og plyndring af Damaskus حصار تيمورلنك لدمشق ونهبها

    Sted kendt, rester synlige · Damaskus

    Timur occupied Damascus after the Mamluk sultan withdrew; in March 1401 the city burned, including the Umayyad Mosque, and many craftsmen were carried off to Samarkand.

    Parter
    Timurid Empire · Mamluk Sultanate
    Hærførere
    Timur · al-Nasir Faraj
    Udfald
    Timurid victory; Umayyad Mosque and many buildings burned (March 1401); artisans deported to Samarkand.
    Placering
    City of Damascus.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Umayyad Mosque (restored after the fire).
    Umayyade-moskéen Damaskus’ citadel
    Kilder

  31. Slaget ved Marj Dabiq معركة مرج دابق

    Omtrentligt område · Aleppo

    North of Aleppo the Ottoman army of Selim I, with artillery and firearms, defeated the Mamluks; Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri died on the field. Syria passed to the Ottomans for four centuries.

    Parter
    Ottoman Empire (with Mamluk defectors and the Ma'n) · Mamluk Sultanate
    Hærførere
    Selim I · Hadım Sinan Pasha · Khayr Bey (defected) · al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri (died in battle) · Janbirdi al-Ghazali
    Udfald
    Ottoman victory; death of Sultan al-Ghawri; Ottoman annexation of Syria (and of Egypt in 1517).
    Placering
    Plain of Dabiq, about 44 km north of Aleppo.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    None known.
    Kilder

  32. Slaget ved Maysalun معركة ميسلون

    Omtrentligt område · Rif Dimashq

    A small Syrian force under War Minister Yusuf al-Azma tried to stop the French advance on Damascus and was defeated within hours; al-Azma was killed. Maysalun became a symbol of Syrian national resistance.

    Parter
    France (Army of the Levant) · Arab Kingdom of Syria
    Hærførere
    Henri Gouraud · Mariano Goybet · Yusuf al-Azma (killed)
    Udfald
    French victory; occupation of Damascus and end of the Arab Kingdom of Syria; beginning of the French Mandate.
    Placering
    Khan Maysalun and Wadi al-Qarn in the Anti-Lebanon, about 25 km west of Damascus.
    Hvad der er tilbage i dag
    Grave/memorial of Yusuf al-Azma at Maysalun, visited during the annual commemoration (Wikipedia).

    Local Wikidata dump holds a battle item Q994316 at 33.5956, 36.0647 that is probably Maysalun, but its identity could not be verified; not used.

    Kilder

Kun på tidslinjen – uden for det nuværende Syrien

  • Slaget ved Immae 272 ADImmae near Antioch, close to Reyhanlı, Hatay (Turkey).
  • Slaget ved Ajnadayn 30. juli 634 (juli/august 634)Commonly located in Palaestina Prima near Bayt Jibrin (between Ramla and Bayt Jibrin), i.e. in historic Palestine, not in today's Syria.

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